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HISTORY 



Third PENNSYL¥]\Nm Reserye 



BEING A 



Complete Record of the Regiment, 



INCIDENTS OF THE CAMP, MARCHES, BIVOUACS, SKIRMISHES 

AND BATTLES; TOGETHER WITH THE PERSONAL 

RECORD OF EVERY OFFICER AND MAN 

DURING HIS TERM OF SERVICE. 



MAJOR E. M. WOODWARD, 

AUTHOR OF 

The Citizen Soldiery; Our Campaigns ; History of the One Hicndred 

and Ninety-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers ; Bonaparte' s Park 

and the Afiirats; History of Burlington County, iV. J.: 

Old Families of Burlington County, N. J., etc. 



EMBELLISHED WITH FOUR STEEL-PLfiTE PORT 



TRENTON, N. J.: 



ORTRAITS. 

'NOV £i:se3 1] 



MacCreli.ish iV (^uici.EY, Book and Job PRiNTE^«^;^oCg.V*!e£A'l'3^S 

1 88;. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by 

E. M. WOODWARD, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



.S 



TO THE MEMORY OF 

GEORGE GORDON MEADE, 

THE HERO OF GETTYSBURG, THE SUCCESSFUL COMMANDER OK THE 
ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, AND OF THE RESERVES. 

WITH THE 

HIGHEST ADMIRATION 

OF HIS 

DISTINGUISHED ABILITY, UNSELFISH PATRIOTISM 
AND CHRISTIAN VIRTUES, 

THIS RECORD 

OF THE SCENES HE PARTICIPATED IN 

IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



CONTENTS, 



CHAPTER I. 

Difference in Thoughts and Sentiments — The Threats of the South 

— States Secede — The Confederate States — Presidents Davis 
AND Lincoln — Fall op Sumter — Charleston in Ecstasy — 
Seventy-five Thousand Troops called for — Pennsylvania's 
Response — Organization of the Reserve Corps — Camp Wash- 
ington — Mottoes — Organization of the Third — Roster op the 
Regiment. 

CHAPTER II. 

Battle of Bull Run, 1861 — Leave Camp Washington — Camp Curtin 

— Baltimore — Washington — 'Mustered into the U. S. Service 

— Exchange of Arms — To Tenallytown — General M'Call — 
School op Instruction — Liquor and Cards Prohibited — Review 
OF THE Division — Capture by Pickets — Review by the Presi- 
dent — Alarm — Presentation of Flags — Organization of Bri- 
gades and Divisions — The Staffs — The Potomac Lodge — State 
Election. 

CHAPTER III. 

Into Virginia — Camp Pierpont — The Long Roll — Death of Pri- 
vate Seifert — Reconnoissance to Drainesville — Balls Blufp 

— Review — Move Camp — Resignations and Promotions — Review 
AT Munson's Hill — Winter Quarters — The Colonel and the 
Delinquents — Bayard's Skirmish — Foraging Expedition — Bat- 
tle op Drainesville — Gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Kane — 
Christmas AND Pistols^ Winter — Virginia Family — A Brave 
Girl — Picketing — " Taking French " — Deaths and Promotions. 

CHAPTER IV. 

1862 — Waiting for the Advance — Johnston Supercedes Beauregard 

— Army Corps — Opening of the Campaign of 1862 — March of 
the Reserves — Hunter's Mills — Active Minds vs. Bodily 



8 CONTENTS. 

Strength — Patriots Aroused — To Alexandria — Review of the 
First Corps — Department of the Rappahannock — General 
M'DowELL — To Manassas Junction — Insurgent Debris — Con 

FEDERATE EaGLE — NaUGHTT BoTS — CaTLETT StATION — WhITE 

Ridge — Slaves — The Concealed Flag — A Financial Transac- 
tion — Review and Inspection — The President — Fredericks- 
burg — Destruction of the Bridges — In Search of her Hus- 
band. 

CHAPTER V. 

Embarkation for the Peninsula — By Steam to the White House — 
" For the Embalming the Dead " — Brief Sketch op the Siege of 
YoRKTOwN — Extracts from "The Lost Cause ' — Magruders 
Report, and Colonel Fremantle — Generals Barnard, Sumner 
AND Ketes; W. H. Hurlbert and Rev. Mr. Minnigerode, on 
Fair Oaks — To Dispatch Station — To the Chickahominy — The 
Third Shelled Out — Courtesy op the Picket Line — A Gallant 
Dash — Battle of Mechanicsville — Insurgents' Account of the 
Battle — Meade's Colored Man. 

CHAPTER VI. 

The Retreat Commenced — Battle op Gaines' Mills — Strength of 
the Armies -^Desperate Fighting — Capture of the Eleventh 
Reserves and the Fourth N, J. — Re-enforcements Called for — 
Form for the Last Struggle — Succor Arrives — The Enemy at 
Bay — The Field Hospital — General Reynolds Captured — The 
French Princes — An Insurgent's Account of the Reserves — 
The Loss of the Armies and the Reserves — M'Clellan's Report 

— Magruder's Report — Crossing the Chickahominy — Trent's 
Hill — M'Clellan and Lee Deceived — The Retreat Continued 

— Night March — Savage Station — The Wounded — Movements 
op the Armies — Battles of Allen's Farm and Savage Station — 
Stragglers and Camp Followers — A Night on Picket. 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Battle op Glendale — Simmons' Desperate Charges — Death of 
Simmons and Biddle — Cooper's and Kerns' Batteries Charged — 
Glorious Charge of the Ninth — Randall's Battery Charged — 
The Last Struggle op the Day — Desperate Conflict — Bravery 
OF Captain Tapper — The Battery Demolished — Meade Wounded 

— M'Call Wounded and Prisoner, His Staff and Escort Killed 
OR Wounded — What M'Call, Lee, Pryob, an Officer of the 
Confederate Army, M'Clellan, Porter, Meade and Beatty Say 
About It — To Malvern Hill. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER Vlll. 

The Battle op Malvern Hill — The B'ield — Feblixg our Line — 
Ominous Stillness — The Three O'clock Assault — The Six 
O'clock Assault — Fearful Carnage — Utter Repulse and Con- 
fusion OF THE Enemy — General Trimble's Account — Heavy 
Loss of the Enemy — The Loss of Both Armies in the Seven 
Days' Battle — Both Armies Retreat — Indignation — Porter's 
and Hooker's Opinion — Kearny's Protest — • Harrison's Land- 
ing — Remarks — Libby Prison — Kindness of the Insurgent 
Privates. 

CHAPTER IX. 

Putting the Army into Fighting Order — As Bright as New Dollars 
— Nice Predicament — Visit of the President — Gambling Lieu- 
tenant — Resignations and Promotions — Midnight Shelling — 
The Coles House — Rufpin Fires the First and Last Shot — 
The Young Spy — Hooker's Fight at Malvern Hill — The Ambu- 
lance Corps — M'Call — Reynolds' Sword — Withdrawal of the 
Army — Abandonment of the Campaign — Cause of its Failure. 



CHAPTER X. 

The Reserves to the Relief of Pope — Embarkation of the Third — 
AcQUiA Creek — Falmouth — Banks at Cedar Mountain — Pope's 
Movements — Arrival op General Meade — To Rappahannock 
Station — The First to Join Pope — Warrenton — March — Skir- 
mish — Second Bull Run — Fighting of the 28th — King's Battle 
— RiCKETTs' Combat — Topography op Manassas Plains — Fight- 
ing OF THE 29th — Jackson's and Longstreet's Position — The 
Joint Order — Pope's Mistake — M'Dowell and Porter— Ma- 
N(EUVRE — Hard Fighting — Charge a Battery — The 30th — Two 
Days without Food — The Position of the Armies — Reserves 
Skirmishing — Discovery of the Thunderbolt — Pope's Plan op 
Battle — Pope's Fatal Blunder — The Reserves Seize Henry's 
Hill — Glorious Charge — Incessant Assaults — The Bridge 
Saved — Orderly Withdrawal — Strength op the Armies — 
Cause op the Loss of the Battle — General Porter's Case — 
Centreville — Picket — Battle of Chantilly — Runaway School- 
Girls. 

2* 



10 CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XI. 

Pope Superseded by M'CLEr.LAN — Cross the Potomac — The March 
Through Maryland — Frederick, Early in the Morning — The 
Bouquet of Flowers — Wanted His Tooth Pulled — Battle of 
South Mountain — Pleasanton Attacks — Burnside Comes Up — 
Longstreet Supersedes Hill — Fall of Reno — Hooker Flanks — 
Laughable Scene — Reserves Scale the Mountains — Free Fight 
— Victory — March — Boonsboro — Prisoners. 



CHAPTER XII. 

Battle of Antietam — Strength of the Armies — The Reserves 
Open the Battle — The 17th — Attack Before Daylight — Des- 
perate Fighting — Fall of Mansfield — "Bull" Sumner Goes 
In — Hooker Wounded — Gallantry op Barlow — Richardson 
Killed — Burnside on the Left — Brilliant Charge of Hart- 
ranft — Loss OF the Third — Loss op the Two Armies — Troph. 
IBS — Field Hospital — A Surgeon's Duty — Rebels Recross the 
Potomac — The Field After the Battle — Burying the Dead 
— Griffin Captures a Battery — Stuart Repulsed. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

The President's Visit — Stuart Raids to Chambersburg — Resigna- 
tions AND Promotions — The Doctor's Birthday — Effort to 
Reorganize the Reserves — One Hundred and Twenty-first and 
One Hundred and Forty second Regiments, Pennsylvania Volun- 
teers — Promotion OF Reynolds — Meade Commands the Reservis 

— March to Berlin — Cross the Potomac — Snicker's Gap — Mid- 
dleburg — Paroled Rebs — White Plains — Warrenton — The 
Generous Corporal — Burnside Supersedes M'Clellan — Fitz 
John Porter Relieved — Plans of Campaign —The Grand Divi- 
sion — To Fayetteville — Departure of Seymour — Bealton — 
Hartwood — Brooke's Station — The Picket — Cool Politeness — 
March. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

SuMNffR Summons Fredericksburg — Bombardment — Laying Pontoons 

— Battle of Fredericksburg — The Field, and Strength of the 
Armies — Glorious Charge of the Reserves — The Heights Car- 
ried — Support Fails — Franklin's Testimony — Meade's Report 



CONTENTS. 11 

— Lee's Report — Extract — Jackson's Loss Exckeds the Re- 
serves' Strength — Back of the City, on the Right — Marye's 
Heights — ■ Desperate Charges — Humphrey's Gallant but Hiatal 
Charge — The Loss of the Two Armies — Unworthy of Lee — 
Jackson's Report — Divine Service on the Field — Flag op 
Truce — Our Dead and Wounded — Re cross the River — Burn- 
side's Noble Qualities. 

CHAPTER XV. 

March to White Oak Church — Winter Quarters — General Meade 
Promoted — Sickel Succeeds Him — Burnside's Mud Expedition 

— Hooker Supersedes Burnside — Bell Plain — Alexandria — 
Sickel in Command op the Defences — The First and Third Bri- 
gades to Gettysburg — Details — Captain Fisher's Escape from 
LiBBY — Twenty-one Patriots — New Flags — Resignations and 
Promotions. 

CHAPTER XVL 

1863-64 — Move to Martinsburg — New Creek — After Rosser — 
Back to Martinsburg — After Gilmore — To Vanclevesville — 
Harpers Ferry — To Grafton — Webster — Fence Rails — Acci- 
dent TO Major Briner — Arrival of Sickel — To Parkersburg — 
Down the Ohio and Up the Kanawha — Brownstown. 



CHAPTER XVIL 

1864 — General Crook's Expedition — Its Strength — Sickel Com- 
mands the Third Brigade — His Staff — The March — Ex-Pres- 
ident Hayes — Great Falls — Cotton Mountain — Fayette Court 
House — Averill Detached — Wild and Rugged Country — The 
Mountaineers — Raleigh Court House — Rosecrans' Train — The 
Mountains Fired — Skirmish at Princeton Court House — Insur- 
gents' Works — Skirmish — Woolf Creek — Skirmish — Captain 
Harmer Killed — Very Thoughtful — Shannon's Bridge — Bat- 
tle of Cloyd Mountain — Posting the Troops — Position of the 
Enemy — Climbing the Mountain — Woolworth Killed and Len- 
hart Wounded — Sickel Lays Low and Flanks — Swinging from 
Bush to Bush — Storming the Works — Victory — Onto Dublin 

— The Wounded and Trophies — The Losses — Telegraphing to 
THE Insurgents — Breckenridge Deceived — Destruction of De- 
pots — Tearing up the Railroad — Battle of New River Bridge 

— Defeat of M'Causland — Destruction of the Bridge. 



12 CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

Averill's Fight at Wytheville — Attacking the Rear Guard — The 
Return March — Blacksburg — La Rue's Skirmish — Nineteenth 
Virginia Cavalry — Union Court House — Crossing the Green- 
brier — Hard Marches — Poor Foraging — Meadow Bluff — Suf- 
fering of the Wounded — Lewisburg — The Reserves' Three 
Years Expire — The Battalion — Its Officers — Farewell to 
Comrades — Faces Homeward — Cross the Sewell — Reach Camp 
Piatt —By Steamer to Pittsburg — By Rail to Philadelphia — 
The Band — The Welcome. 



ILLUSTRRTIONS. 



The Author, Frontispiece. 

MajorGeneral H. G. Sickel, Page 17 

' Lieutenant Colonel John C. Clark, Page 202' 

"Tom," - Page 118 / 



PREFl^CE. 



PO LONG as the sword is to be the arbitrator of the dif- 
^ ferences among nations, the only safety that remains to 
a government is in the courage of its soldiery. In the late 
struggle the national unity was preserved, the principles of 
self-government perpetuated, and every man's right to him- 
self established, through the blessing of God and the bravery 
of the men who carried the musket, and who led in the 
deadly conflict. It is a pleasing task to record their deeds 
of valor, their privations, hardships and sufferings, their fidel- 
ity and constancy. 

While the regiment preserved its identity in battle and 
throughout the campaign, it also sustained intimate relations 
to the brigade, division, corps and army. Therefore, in giv- 
ing its history, so much of the operations of the higher 
organizations has been given as to show its relations with 
them and preserve the thread of the general narrative. 

The journal of General Sickel, kept on the field, the regi- 
mental books, the reports of battles and campaigns made 
by general officers, the evidence elicited by the Congressional 
Committee on the Conduct of the War, the maps of the 
Engineer Bureau, war books, numerous letters from officers 
and men, the author's journal, and knowledge of facts, fur- 
nish the material for this history. 

The rolls have been so prepared as to show the main items 
of the record of ea«h individual soldier, and the lists of the 
killed, wounded and missing of each battle taken from the 



16 PREFACE. 

company reports. The whole manuscript was submitted to 
the inspection of a number of officers and men of the regi- 
ment, before printing; no statement has been made that 
did not seem to rest upon authentic information, and the 
end and aim of the author has been to give a clear, truthful 
and just history of the regiment and the scenes it partici- 
pated in. Minor omissions doubtlessly have been made, and 
errors have crept in — perfection is not claimed. 

If the perusal of this volume should interest the reader, 
or revive in the memory of the participants the happy days 
of the glorious Reserve, or recall the names of comrades or 
the loved dead, it will be a high source of gratification to 
the author. 



E. M. W. 



Ellisdale, Moxmouth Co., N. J., 
May 30th, 1883. 



The Third Reserye. 



CHAPTER I. 

Difference in Thoughts and Sentiments — The Threats of the South 
— States Secede — The Confederate States — Presidents Davis 
AND Lincoln — Fall of Sumter — Charleston in Ecstasy — 
Seventy-five Thousand Troops called for — Pennsylvania's 
Response — Organization of the Reserve Corps — Camp Wash- 
ington — Mottoes — Organization of the Third — Roster op the 
Regiment. 

WHEN the Northern war-drum tapped in response to 
Sumter's guns, it awoke in the loyal heart a sad but 
firm resolve to sustain the government at any sacrifice, and 
the world witnessed such an uprising of the masses as his- 
tory never recorded. In the North, slavery had long been 
looked upon as a great wrong, and a violation of the rights 
of man. Still, under the compact of the Constitution, they 
deemed themselves bound to respect its existence in its 
locality, but were firmly resolved not to submit to its exten- 
sion into the territories. The declaration of the leading 
men and newspapers of the South, that the election of 
Abraham Lincoln, which the division of their party had 
made evitable, would be followed by the dissolution of the 
Union, and the measures taken by the Legislature of South 
Carolina in case of his election, clearly indicated their deter- 
mination to destroy the government they could no longer 
control. 

On the 20th of December, 1860, a few days after the result 
of the election was known, the State of South Carolina form- 
2 



18 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

ally seceded from the Union. Other States followed her 
lead in rapid succession, and on the 9th of February, a 
Southern Convention elected Jefferson Davis President of 
the " Confederate States of America." They adopted a 
Constitution, and proceeded to organize their new govern- 
ment by the creation of Departments of State, Judiciary, 
War, Navy, etc.; to raise, arm, equip and drill a large army, 
seize the forts, arsenals, barracks, vessels, navy yards and 
public buildings of the United States, and accredit agents 
abroad to foreign governments ; and upon the inauguration 
of Mr. Lincoln, he found a hostile government within the 
limits of the United States. 

He had but one duty to perform, and God gave him the 
light to see it, and the firm resolution to keep steady to his 
purpose until it was accomplished — the Union saved. And 
how trifling was the precious blood the warm hearts poured 
out, and the treasures spent, in comparison with the rich 
birth-right secured to the living and to the millions unborn. 

When Mr. Lincoln assumed charge of the government, 
he found the army scattered and disintegrated ; the navy 
sent to distant quarters of the globe; the Northern arsenals 
depleted of arms ; the treasury bankrupt ; the credit of the 
United States seriously injured by forced sales of Govern- 
ment securities ; the public service demoralized ; the various 
Departments of the Government filled with unfaithful clerks 
and oflicers, whose sympathies were with the South, who 
had been placed in their positions for the purpose of para- 
lyzing his administration. But he drew around him trusty 
and wise counselors, and proceeded quietly to mature his 
plans and prepare for the coming storm. 

Five months had nearly elapsed since the secession move- 
ment was formally inaugurated, and its plotters and upholders 
were reduced to the choice of either attacking the Union, 
and thus provoking a war, or sinking gradually but surely 
out of existence beneath a general appreciation of their own 
weakness, insecurity, and the stagnation of business. On 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 19 

the 14th of April, the starry flag of freedom was lowered 
and that of treason and slavery hoisted in its stead, over 
Sumter's walls. Charleston was drunk with excitement 
and joyous exultation. Seven thousand men had over- 
come seventy ! Her white population and her gay crowds 
of visitors thronged her streets and quays. The houses of 
her wealthy citizens were thrown open, and all were wel- 
comed to enter and partake. Champagne flowed on every 
hand like water; thousands quaflfed and feasted on the 
richest viands, and, amid the chiming of bells, the firing of 
cannon and cheers of the citizens, South Carolina took her 
position as the first nation on the planet. Beauregard at 
once rose to the altitude of the w^orld's greatest captain, and 
his achievement ranked with the most memorable deeds of 
Alexander or Napoleon. Already, in their imagination, the 
Confederacy had established its independence beyond dis- 
pute, and its chivalry was about to start upon its triumphal 
march, to conquer and despoil the rich cities of the cowardly 
shop-keepers and mechanics of the North. 

On the 15th of April, 1861, President Lincoln issued a 
proclamation, calling out 75,000 three-months volunteers, to 
maintain the laws of the United States, and admonishing 
the insurgents to lay down their arms and quietly submit 
to the laws within twenty days. It was received with the 
wildest enthusiasm throughout the North, and in Philadel- 
phia business was suspended, rendezvous opened, and the 
enrollment and drilling of volunteers commenced. Recruit- 
ing parties traversed the city in every direction, the armo- 
ries of the volunteer companies were crowded to overflowing 
with men constantly drilling, the public parks were used for 
the same purpose, and the quietude of the Sabbath was for- 
gotten amidst the preparation for war. 

The quota of Pennsylvania was fourteen regiments, and 
in three days after the call, six hundred men — the first to 
arrive for its defence — were placed in the national capitol 
at Washington, and ten days later twenty-five regiments 



20 THE THIRD RESERVE, 

were organized and put in the field, eleven more than the 
State quota. In addition to this, the Governor was forced 
to refuse the services of thirty more regiments. The second 
call was made upon the State in May, for ten regiments; 
which was simply credited to her, as she had already fur- 
nished more than her two quotas. 

An extra session of the Legislature of Pennsylvania con- 
vened on the 30th of April, and, fully appreciating the mag- 
nitude of the war, wisely resolved, in accordance with Gov- 
ernor Curtin's recommendation, to organize, arm, and equip 
a division, to be called, " The Keserve Volunteer Corps of 
the Commonwealth," and to be composed of thirteen regi- 
ments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of light artillery, 
to be held in readiness to obey any requisition of the Presi- 
dent on the State for troops. In organizing this division, 
the conception of which originated with the Governor, the 
greatest difficulty he experienced was, not in finding officers 
and men to fill it, but to select from the numerous applicants 
who beset him at all hours of the night and day in every 
place he could be found. His Excellency having resolved 
that the division should be a true type of Pennsylvania, 
proportioned it among the different counties, so that every 
township should be represented in it. 

Among the regiments organized in Philadelphia at that 
time, were those of Mann's,* March's and De Korponay's,! 
from the first of which eight companies were accepted, from 
the second, seven, and from the last, five. All were mus- 
tered into the State service the latter part of May, by Cap- 
tain Henry J. Biddle, Assistant Adjutant-General of the 
Division, at the Girard House, where the men were subjected 
to the most severe examination by the surgeons, who 
required every one to strip, and rejected all who had the 
least blemish or defect. The Surgeon-General of the State 



♦ William B. Mann, District Attorney of Philadelpliia. 

t Lieutenant Colonel. Colonel Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 21 

afterwards pronounced them the finest formed and hardiest 
body of men he had ever seen collected in one division. 

About the same time, Captain H. G. Sickel organized the 
Ontario Guards, and Captains J. O. Finnic, P. I. Smith, and 
G. A. and E. M. Woodward, of the DeKorponay regiment, 
received orders to report to him, and with their companies 
to proceed to Easton, Pa. Accordingly, on the morning of 
the 30th of May, they marched to Broad and Green streets, 
where they found the guards formed, and the battalion, 
under the command of Captain Sickel, proceeded to Master 
and America streets, where they took a special train on the 
North Pennsylvania Railroad to near Easton, where they 
arrived during the afternoon, and, crossing the Lehigh, 
marched through the city and out to Camp Washington, 
where quarters were assigned them to the right of Colonel 
Mann's regiment. 

The camp was on the Pair Grounds, which covered about 
thirty-five acres, situated on an elevated plateau near the 
Lehigh river. On the east and north sides of the enclosure 
were long rows of bunk-rooms, three of which were assigned 
to each company, and in front of which were the kitchens, 
facing inwards; and outside of these were the officers' quar- 
ters, facing outwards. To the west, occupying about two- 
thirds of the enclosure, was the race-course, and in the cen- 
tre was the large fair-building, from whose roof rose a 
stately dome, from the balcony of which was presented a 
magnificent view of the surrounding country. 

Soon after arriving in camp, the men were furnished with 
a day's ration, fuel, knives, forks, spoons, tin cups and 
plates, and plenty of straw to sleep upon. Colonel Mann, 
commanding camp, the next day issued the following calls : 

Reveille, 4 A.M. Fatigue, 7:45 A.M. Dress Parade, 6 P.M. 

Drill, 4:30 A.M. Sick Call, 8 A.M. Recall, 7 P.M. 

Recall, 6 A.M. Drill, 9 A.M. Supper, 7:30 P.M. 

Breakfast, 7 A.M. Recall, 10 A.M. Tattoo, 9 P.M. 

Guard Mounting, 7:30 A.M. Orderlies' Call, 12 M. Taps, 9:30 P.M. 
Dinner, 12:30 P.M. 



22 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Four roll-calls were had each day, and in a little time 
everything worked smoothly. 

A few days later, Colonel March arrived, with his seven 
companies. Other companies soon followed, and by the 
middle of June there were twenty-five present. As no 
clothing or blankets were yet furnished by the State, and as 
the men had nothing but what they stood in, they soon pre- 
sented a rather dilapidated appearance, which circumstance, 
however, did not in the least affect the buoyancy of the 
spirits of the young patriots, who seemed rather to enjoy the 
novely of their tattered garments. The good citizens of 
Easton, with a noble generosity, took the matter in hand; 
and a Ladies' Aid Society was formed, which supplied 
abundance of clothing, blankets, quilts, jellies, etc., for the 
hospital, and pantaloons, shirts, etc., for the needy of the 
camp. 

The rations furnished us was abundant, and of the best 
quality, consisting of fresh beef, bacon, bread, potatoes, 
beans, rice, coffee, sugar and small stores, and all were satis- 
fied with them, except those who had not been used to as 
good at home. The health of the troops was very good, 
and, as a precaution against small-pox, the whole camp was 
vaccinated; and to promote the general health, the men 
were taken to the Lehigh every other day, where they 
enjoyed themselves hugely in swimming, diving, splashing 
and paddling around in general. 

Among the first things that agitated the brains of the 
boys, was to devise quaint names and mottoes to place over 
their quarters, and many of them were typical of those who 
adopted them. Commencing at the main entrance was 
Captain McDonough's company, with "Fourth Ward," 
"Fort Maun," "Fort McCandless." On the right was, 
" Quaker City Headquarters," " Quaker Bridal Chamber," 
" Live and Let Live." Next, " Hibernia Engine Company," 
" Bird-in-Hand." Next, " Rose Cottage," " Dart's Heads," 
"The Old House at Home," "Gay Roosters," "Don't Tread 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 23 

on Me," "Old Lebanon Garden, Captain Tim Mealey." 
Next, "Happy Home," "Punch Bowl," "Black Horse," 
"The Government Keeps Us, and We will Keep the Govern- 
ment." Next, " Bristol Boys, Captain Thompson," " Bower 
of Love," " Happy Crew," " The Old School-House," " The 
Old Spring-House." Next, " Ontario Guards, Captain 
Sickel," "Bill Pool Club," "We Respect All and Fear 
None." Next, "Never Sink," "Live Oak," "Kensington 
Boys," " Hike Out and Simmer Down." Next, " Balmoral 
Castle," "Scotch Rifles," "Wallace's Cave, Captain Finnic." 
Next, " Penn Rifles, Captain G. A. Woodward," " The Flag 
Wyoming." Next, " Sunday Mercury, Captain E. M. 
Woodward," " Green Shirts." Next, " Consolidation Guards, 
Captain Smith," "Gay and Happy." Next, "Free and 
Easy," " Happy Family, Captain Kimbell." Next, " Wide 
Awake, Captain Curtis." Next, " Long Island of Reading, 
Captain Briner," " Keystone Hook and Ladder Company." 
Next, " Elephant Guards, Captain Richards." Next, " The 
Star of North Birdsborough, Captain Lenhart," "Fort 
Sumter," "The Plow Boys," "Japanese Hotel," "Arctic 
Circle," " Death to Traitors," " Jeft". Davis at the Sheriff's 
Ball," "The Blue-Eyed Stranger," "Mount Vernon," 
" Washington and Lincoln," " White Hall, Newtown, Cap- 
tain Feaster;" "Traitor Hunters," "Love and Glory," 
"Game Chickens," "Ellsworth's Heart," "Never Sur- 
render," " The Wheat Field," " The Red Curtain," " Sus- 
quehanna Tigers," " Gloria Dei," etc. 

It was not to be supposed that so many young men col- 
lected together, many of whom were unused to being free 
from the restraints of home, would all behave with the 
strictest decorum. A good many of them looked upon it as 
a grand frolic or excursion, and were bound to enjoy them- 
selves, the principal obstacle to which was the guard, which 
they soon showed remarkable adroitness in dodging. Four 
men from each company were given a day's absence from 
camp at a time, but many more managed to get out without 



24 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

passes. Almost every bunk had its " rat hole," through 
which the boys made their exit past the conveniently blind 
guard, who had not been soldiers long enough to know how 
to perform their duty. A few of these patriots were caught 
upon their return, and put in the guard-house; but it soon 
being discovered it afforded a most easy means of egress, a 
new one was built inside the enclosure, which was christ- 
ened "Fort Mann." 

The boys in camp managed occasionally to get a little 
whiskey, but the orders prohibiting its introduction into the 
guard-house were so strict, that it was thought impossible to 
get any to the prisoners. And it would have, had it not 
been for the naughty guard, who exchanged arms with those 
at the gate, and treated the prisoners from their musket 
barrels. 

On pleasant afternoons the camp was the fashionable resort 
of the neighboring farmers, their wives and daughters and 
the good citizens of Easton, and it often presented a gay 
and animated appearance, particularly on Sundays, when, in 
addition to the dress parade, the troops passed in review 
before the commander and staff. 

On the 14th of June, General M'Call visited camp, to 
organize the regiments, supposing the independent com- 
panies had associated with one or the other of the three 
colonels who had parts of regiments quartered there. Not 
finding such to be the case, he issued an order in which he 
stated, if the regiments were not organized by voluntary 
association of companies by the 19th inst., he would proceed 
to organize them in the following manner: "The ten com- 
panies which first arrived in camp, and in the order they are 
now quartered, will constitute the Second Regiment; the 
next ten will form the Third Regiment; and the next ten, 
the Fourth Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volun- 
teer Corps. Each regiment, so formed, will proceed, without 
delay, to elect their field officers." The companies so quar- 
tered were : First, eight of Colonel Mann's and two inde- 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 25 

pendent ; next, five of Colonel DeKorponay's and five inde- 
pendent; next, seven of Colonel March's and three inde- 
pendent. 

Upon a careful canvass of the camp, it was ascertained 
there were not independent companies enough who were 
willing to join either of the proposed colonels, to complete 
their regimental organization. One, by reason of the office 
he held in civil life, was unjustly very unpopular with an 
active minority of the men. Another had ruined his pros- 
pects by promising the field offices to almost every captain 
in camp, and being followed to camp by several civilians to 
whom he had promised the Quartermastership, and of whom 
he had borrowed money. Under these circumstances three 
officers agreed to organize an independent regiment, and 
selected seven companies, whose officers gave the greatest 
promise of efficiency, and whose character and bearing were 
congenial, and, upon sounding them, they readily acquiesced. 
For the purpose of consultation, those interested obtained 
passes in the evenings, and went down to the Lehigh, 
where a boat was in readiness to convey them across the 
river, whence they proceeded to the parlor of Mr. Young's 
hotel, at South Easton. The only agreement entered into 
was secrecy, the entire ignoring of the question of field 
offices until after the organization of the regiment, and then 
the choice of candidates for said offices by the vote of the 
officers, and the submission of the same to the men. Each 
officer pledged his honor to this, and cheerfully, in spirit and 
letter, they carried it out. 

On the 20th, General M'Call again visited camp, and in 
the evening convened the officers at the commissary's build- 
ing, and proceeded to organize the regiments. The order 
was read, when Lieutenant Beatty arose and stated that as 
Captain Thompson's company did not arrive until several 
days after some of the companies of the second division had, 
he should not be thrown in the first division. Against this 
the officers interested earnestly protested. After all got 



26 THE THIRD BESERVE. 

through who wished to speak, the General announced that 
the names of Captains Thompson, Sickel and four of the 
second division be placed in a hat, and the question of which 
two companies should go into the first division be decided 
by lot. Lieutenant Scheetz, Aid-de-camp to General 
M'Call, drew the slips, and the first two names drawn were 
Captains G. A. and E. M. Woodward, which completed the 
Second Regiment. 

The companies constituting the Third Regiment, Pennsyl- 
vania Reserve Volunteer Corps (the Thirty-second Regi- 
ment, Infantry, of the Line, Pennsylvania Volunteers), 
were : 

Company A — " The Second Reading Artillery," of Berks 
county. Captain, Jacob Lenhart, Jr. ; First Lieutenant, 
Jacob Lehman ; Second Lieutenant, Jeremiah A. Clouse. 

Comyany B — " The Salem Independents," of Wayne 
county. Captain, William D. Curtis; First Lieutenant, 
George C. Davenport; Second Lieutenant, J. M. Bucking- 
ham, 

Company C — " The Union Rifles," of Bucks county. Cap- 
tain David V. Feaster; First Lieutenant, Strickland Yard- 
ley; Second Lieutenant, Joseph B. Roberts. 

Company D — " The Mechanic Infantry," of Berks county. 
Captain, William Briner; First Lieutenant, Frank S. Bick- 
ley ; Second Lieutenant, Florentine H. Straub. 

Company E — " The De Silver Greys," of Philadelphia. 
Captain, John Clark; First Lieutenant, Robert Johnston; 
Second Lieutenant, George H. Lindsey. 

Company F — "The Washington Guards," of Berks county. 
Captain, Washington Richards; First Lieutenant, Albert P. 
Moulton ; Second Lieutenant, Albert H. Jameson. 

Company G — " The Germantown Guards," of Philadel- 
phia. Captain, Richard H. Woolworth; First Lieutenant, 
John Stanton ; Second Lieutenant, John Connally. 

Company H — " The Applebachville Guards," of Bucks 
county. Captain, Joseph Thomas; First Lieutenant, Ben- 
jamin F. Fisher; Second Lieutenant, Nelson Applebach. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 27 

Company J— "The Montgomery Guards," of Bucks 
county. Captain, William S. Thomson; First Lieutenant, 
H. Clay Beatty ; Second Lieutenant, Samuel J. La Rue. 

Company iT— "The Ontario Guards," of Philadelphia. 
Captain, Horatio Gates Sickel ; First Lieutenant, David W. 
Donaghy ; Second Lieutenant, David Wonderly. 

The officers, the same night, unanimously chose Captains 
Sickel as their candidate for Colonel, Thompson for Lieu- 
tenant Colonel, and Woolworth for Major; and the next 
day the men confirmed them without a single dissenting 
vote. Lieutenant Albert H. Jameson was appointed Adju- 
tant ; Lieutenant Franldin S. Bickley, Quartermaster ; Dr. 
James Collins, of Philadelphia, Surgeon; Dr. George L. 
Pancoast, of the same city, Assistant Surgeon; and the 
Reverend William H. Leake, of Wayne county. Chaplain. 

The vacancy in Company K was filled by the election of 
William Brian, of Philadelphia, Captain; in Company I, 
by that of First Lieutenant H. C. Beatty, Captain ; Second 
Lieutenant Samuel J. La Rue, First Lieutenant, and Samuel 
Beatty, Second Lieutenant; and in Company G that of 
Hugh Harkins, of Philadelphia, Captain. Soon after, arms, 
accoutrements and clothing were received from the State 
and issued to the men. 

On the 14th of July, His Excellency Andrew G. Curtin 
and staff arrived in camp, and a review of the troops was 
ordered. The men were dressed in light blue pants, dark 
blue blouses and fatigue caps, and as they marched in 
review in column of companies past the Governor they pre- 
sented a very creditable appearance. 

The next day Major H. D. Maxwell, the Paymaster Gen- 
eral of the State, arrived and payed off the Fourth Regi- 
ment, which, on the 16th, left camp for Harrisburg, and the 
same day the Second and Third were paid off. 



28 THE THIRD BESERVE. 



CHAPTER 11. 

Battle of Bull Run, 1861 — Leave Camp Washington — Camp Curtin 

— Baltimore — Washington — Mustered into the U. S. Service 

— Exchange of Arms — To Tenallytown — General M'Call — 
School of Instruction — Liquor and Cards Prohibited — Review 
OF the Division — Capture by Pickets — Review by the Presi- 
dent — Alarm — Presentation of Flags — Organization of Bri- 
gades AND Divisions — The Staffs — The Potomac Lodge — State 
Election. 

IT WAS on this same day that General McDowell advanced 
from the Potomac at the head of 35,000 men, to meet the 
enemy at Bull Run. The battle was fought on the 2l8t. 
The enemy were entrenched beyond the creek. The plan 
of battle was to make a heavy feint, and occupy his atten- 
tion on his right, while the main body of our troops was to 
turn his left. It succeeded, and they were doubled up and 
thrown back upon themselves for over a mile and a half. 
While being thus driven, General Joseph E. Johnston* 
arrived with 15,000 fresh troops from the Valley of the Shen- 
andoah to the aid of Beauregard, and M'Dowell was over- 
whelmed.! 

♦Subsequently a member of the 46th Congress of the United States. 

fThe effect of this unfortunate victory on the Southern mind was most singular 
and delusive. President Davis considered the recognition of the Confederate States 
by the European powers as certain. The newspapers declared that the question of 
manhood between the North and South was settled forever; and the phrase of "one 
Southerner equal to five Yankees," was adopted in all speeches about the war. " De- 
Bow's Review" considered it one of the decisive battles of the world. So certain was 
the establishment of the Confederacy considered, that politicians commenced plot- 
ting for the Presidential succession more than six years distant. Mr. Hunter, of Vir- 
ginia, left the Cabinet, being unwilling, by any identification with it, to damage his 
chances as Mr. Davis' successor. General Beauregard, who was designated in some 
quarters as the next Confederate President, wrote a weak and theatrical letter to the 
newspapers, dated "Within Hearing of the Enemy's Guns," declining to be a candi- 
date for the office. There was actually a controversy between different States as to 
the permanent location of the Confederate capital; and the city council of Nashville, 
Tennessee, appropriated $750,000 for a residence for the President of the Southern 
Confederacy, as an inducement to remove the capital there.— Extracted from page 153 
of " The Lost Caxtse." 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 29 

The defeat of our array and the expiration of the term of 
service of most of the three-months men endangered the 
capital, and the authorities at Washington were unprepared 
for the emergency. Instantaneous relief must be had, and 
Pennsylvania alone, through the foresight of its Governor, 
was prepared to give it; and the 15,000 Reserves, whose 
services had been a few days before ofiered and declined, 
were now gladly accepted. If accepted at first, and they 
had participated in the battle, if the result had not been 
altered, the army would have been saved from disgraceful 
retreat. The Governor, prompted by that generous patriot- 
ism that always actuated him, hurried forward all the avail- 
able troops that could be raised, and the whole resources of 
the State were exerted for that purpose. 

On the day of the -battle of Bull Eun, July 21st, 1861, 
Colonel Sickel received orders to move his regiment to 
Washington. About nine o'clock the next morning, the 
Third bid farewell to their old camp, and crossed the Lehigh 
to the depot. As they marched through Easton, headed by 
a fine band, the bells were rung, the citizens cheered and 
the ladies waved their handkerchiefs. Embarking, the train 
moved off amidst the cheers of the vast crowd and shrieks 
of steam signals. The day was exceedingly warm, and the 
box-cars in which they were transported having no ventila- 
tion, the boys produced it by knocking the sides out with 
the butt of their muskets. Along the route, fiags were dis- 
played from every house, and at the villages the populace 
turned out en masse to welcome their passage, and brought 
offerings of flowers, fruits, cake and milk. About five 
o'clock in the afternoon, they arrived at Harrisburg and 
marched out to Camp Curtin, where, that night, they made 
their first bivouac. The next day they received the balance 
of their arms and equipments and forty rounds of ammuni- 
tion, and, towards sunset, entered the cars and moved tow- 
ards Baltimore, where they arrived about daybreak the 
following morning. 



30 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

As this city was not particularly noted for its loyalty, the 
colonel thought best to halt the train before entering it, and 
distribute ammunition, being aware of the trauquilizing 
effect of loaded muskets. Resting in a field near the depot 
for a few hours, and receiving the necessary orders from 
General Dix,* they formed and moved to the depot of the 
Baltimore and Washington Railroad, where they embarked. 
They numbered nine hundred and seventy-two ofiicers and 
men, perfectly armed, equipped and well drilled; and as 
they marched through the streets to the soul-inspiring strains 
of their band, they were received with a becoming silence 
and respect. 

Leaving Baltimore at noon, they arrived in Washington 
near sunset, on the 24th, and marched to the Mount Vernon 
Cane Factory, where they were informally visited by His 
Excellency President Lincoln, who addressed a few words 
of welcome and thanks. 

At this time the city would have been in great danger if 
the enemy had possessed the requisite dash. Its streets were 
filled with three-months men, stragglers and fugitives from 
Bull Run, who were more intent upon getting their hair 
dressed and boots blacked than upon finding their regi- 
ments. Men with and without arms lined the steps and 
curb-stones and filled the saloons, and such was the crowded 
state of the hotels that some of the soldiers could not obtain 
comfortable board and single rooms. Many of the veterans 
were surrounded with eager groups of idlers, listening to 
their recital of the carnage on the field — their hair-breadth 
escapes — or their hardships in not having butter for their 
bread or cream for their coffee. These strange scenes 
impressed sad forebodings upon the minds of ofiicers who 
had a proper appreciation of the seriousness of the work 
before them. 

After dinner the next day, the Third was formed and 
marched out Seventh street some distance and encamped, 

♦Subsequently Minister to France and Governor of New York. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 31 

where they were mustered into the United States service on 
the 27th of July, by Lieutenant John Ellwood, Fifth U. S. 
Infantry. Early on the 30th, the regiment was marched 
by companies to the United States Arsenal, where they 
exchanged their smooth-bore Harpers Ferry muskets for 
rifled ones, and received a complete outfit of accoutrements 
and non-commission swords. 

At one o'clock on the morning of August 1st, 1861, the 
reveille sounded, and soon bright fires were burning, and 
the men engaged in cooking two days' rations. Breakfast 
was eaten, tents struck, the regiment formed, arms stacked, 
and the men laid down near by to wait for the wagons which 
they were to receive from the quartermaster's department. 
Teamsters, generally speaking, are in no hurry to start when 
they have no one particularly interested in hurrying them 
oflT, but they learned wonderful promptness in the Reserves 
in a remarkably short time. This day, however, they did 
not arrive until eight o'clock, when the Third took up its 
march through Washington and Georgetown to Tenally- 
town, some six miles northwest of the capital, where it 
arrived in the afternoon. On the road they met the Eighth 
Reserve for the first time, and little did they think, as they 
gazed on each other, of the love they would form, the strong 
love, that grew so warm between all the regiments of the 
Reserve, and so unselfishly showed itself upon many fields 
when one went in to save the other. They marched together 
to the camp, and pitched their tents in a fine woods. 

Tenallytown is situated at the junction of the Rockille 
and Poolsville roads with the Georgetown road, three miles 
from the latter town, and one and a half from the Chain 
Bridge. Here was erected Fort Pennsylvania, a most 
important and formidable earthwork, with a broad and deep 
ditch, heavy abatis, and guns mounted en-barbette, and, near 
by, two lunettes, named Gaines and Bayard. They were 
built by the Reserve, details being made from all the regi- 
ments tor that purpose. 



32 THE THIRD RESEBVE. 

Here, George Archibald M'Call, a graduate of West 
Point, subsequently an officer in, and Inspector-General of, 
the United States Army, and a distinguished soldier in the 
war with Mexico, who had been appornted by Governor 
Curtin a Major-General to command the Eeserve, had, after 
much difficulty and opposition, succeeded in collecting and 
consolidating them into one division. This was the earnest 
desire of the Governor, and of every officer and soldier of 
the Reserve. 

The next evening, the Third was ordered on picket about 
a mile from camp, and the boys, for the first time, experi- 
enced the pleasant excitement of watching for the enemy. 
But all passed quietly, and towards dark the next afternoon 
they were relieved by the Sixth Reserve, and returned to 
camp. 

Here General M'Call laid the foundation of the Reserve's 
future efficiency by his indefatigable exertions to instruct 
the officers, and through them the men, in their duties in 
the field. For this purpose, the colonels were directed to 
ororanize the officers into classes for mutual instruction in 
military tactics and army regulations, and the captains to 
form classes of non-commission officers for instruction in 
company drill, and the non-commissions to instruct the men. 
Weekly reports of the progress made by the officers were 
required, so that those who were incapable or unwilling to 
learn, could be known and got rid of. Battalion and com- 
pany drill was commenced with spirit, the manual of arms 
taught and target firing practiced. The articles of war were 
frequently read to the companies and inspections held. 

Although the introduction of liquor was prohibited by 
Division orders, still there was plenty of it brought into 
camp; but the Colonel being one who was disposed to have 
orders obeyed — by mildness if possible, and force if neces- 
sary — issued orders to permit neither citizen nor soldier to 
enter camp without being searched. He also, for the wel- 
fare of the men and to prevent unkind feelings occurring 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 33 

among them, as much as was in his power, positively pro- 
hibited card playing for money, and all species of gambling. 
While many of the men did not like these orders, and knew 
they would be strictly enforced, the kind words spoken by 
the Colonel caused a ready acquiescence. Divine service was 
held — and well attended every Sunday morning — by Chap- 
lain Leake, who was one of the foremost to volunteer as a 
private in company B. Forty rounds of ammunition were 
kept in the boxes of each man ; the sentinels were ordered 
to report all signal rockets, fire or smoke, and musket firing 
was strictly forbidden. 

On the afternoon of the 14th, the division was reviewed 
by General M'Call on a neighboring hill. Colonel Sickel 
commanding a temporary brigade. The next afternoon, by 
orders, the division was reviewed by Colonel Sickel. On 
the 20th, the Reserves were temporarily organized into two 
brigades ; the First consisting of the First, Third, Fourth, 
Sixth and Eighth Regiments and Batteries A, B, D and F. 
The Second, of the Fifth, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh 
and Twelfth Regiments and Batteries C, E, G and H. The 
regiment of Reserve cavalry was unattached. The "Buck- 
tails " and Second were with General Banks. These two 
regiments joined the division on the 25th of September. 

About this time the pickets of the Third captured some 
enterprising drovers, who were about sending cattle over 
the river into Virginia. They and their herd were taken to 
division headquarters for investigation. Their expressions 
of loyalty and willingness to take the oath of allegiance to 
the United States did not, however, save their cattle from 
confiscation and themselves from imprisonment. 

On the morning of the 21st of August, the Reserve passed 
in review before His Excellency the President, attended by 
his cabinet and Major-General George B. M'Clellan,* who 
had a short time before been appointed Commander-in-Chief 

* Afterwards Governor of New Jersey. 



34 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

of the armies of the United States. In the afternoon the 
Third was marched to the reviewing ground and exercised 
in battalion drill and firing. 

The next day the following address was read on dress 

parade : 

" Headquarters ^ 

" Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, V 

" Camp Tenally, August 21st, 1861, j 

''Soldiers of the Pennsylvania Reserve: This day must be 
recognized as a propitious inauguration of your future mili- 
tarv history. You have this day passed under the scrutiniz- 
ing inspection of the Commanding General of the Army of 
the Potomac, in whose ability to successfully prosecute this 
war the confidence of the country is reposed; you have 
passed in review before the President of the United States 
and his Cabinet; and both the General and the President 
have expressed to me their unqualified approval of your 
soldier-like appearance on review, and of the discipline thus 
manifestly shown to exist in the corps. 

"It now rests with you, oflicers of the Pennsylvania 
Reserve, to carry out to perfection the work so well begun. 
Upon you devolves the care of your men ; let that be unre- 
mitting ; let every attention to their wants temper the rigid 
discipline necessary to the formation of the soldier, and with 
one heart we will uphold the flag of our State, and place her 
name among the foremost in the cause of our common 
country. « q.^^^ ^ M'Call, 

" Brigadier-General Commanding." 

On the 27th, the enemy fired on the Reserve pickets at 
Great Falls, consisting of a detachment of cavalry and a 
battery of artillery ; and that evening the drums were heard, 
and fires seen, of what appeared to be a considerable 
encampment. A colored man also called across that " the 
Rebels had a sight of men a half-mile from the river," 
which was proved to be true by our scouts. The Reserves 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 35 

were ordered to prepare two days' rations for the haver- 
sacks, and be in readiness to move at a moment's notice; 
but the enemy failed to make further demonstration. 

On the 29th, Lieutenants Benjamin F. Fisher, of Com- 
pany H, and David Wonderly, of Company K, having suc- 
cessfully passed their examination, were detailed for duty in 
the Signal Corps. These officers rose to distinction in the 
service, and were attached to the headquarters of the Army 
of the Potomac, the first being subsequently promoted Chief 
Signal Officer and Colonel U. S. A., and the latter a Cap- 
tain. Corporal Samuel Cartledge, Company E, privates 
George Worthington, Company H, James A. Todd, Com- 
pany K, and Thomas D. Boone, Company D, were also 
transferred to the same corps. 

About this time the enemy across the river showed con- 
siderable activity on our right, and, upon one occasion, 
opened upon the Reserve picket at Great Falls with no less 
than nine guns, to which the section of Cooper's battery 
made no reply, being smooth-bores of short range. Upon 
another occasion, on information received from General 
Smith, General M'Clellan ordered the Reserves to be held 
in readiness to fight, the dispatch stating, " he would cer- 
tainly be attacked within forty-eight hours ;" which being 
read at dress parade, produced the most joyous excitement 
among the officers and men. Colonel Sickel was ordered to 
the command of the reserve, consisting of five regiments, 
and General M'Call put the rest of the troops in motion for 
the Chain Bridge, but had not proceeded far when the 
orders were countermanded. These pleasant little excite- 
ments were very acceptable to the men, for they, like all 
new troops, were exceedingly anxious to have a fight. 

The camp of the Third, in a fine woods of majestic trees, 
was put into most excellent order, the lower branches being 
cut off, stumps extracted, underbrush cleared, barrels sunk 
at the springs, sinks surrounded with bushes, and all thor- 
oughly cleaned up. Upon dress parade one day the Third 



3g THE THIRD RESERVE. 

was visited by General M'Call and staff, accompanied by 
Hon. William D. Kelly,* of Philadelphia, who, at the invi- 
tation of the Colonel, delivered a short but most impressive 
and eloquent address, which was responded to by hearty 

cheers. 

The Society of Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, having pre- 
sented to the State five hundred dollars, to be used towards 
arming and equipping the volunteers, and the Legislature 
having directed the same to be expended in the purchase of 
regimental flags for the Reserves, on the 10th of September, 
1861, the presentation took place. The day was a clear and 
beautiful one, and at nine o'clock in the morning the nine 
regiments then with the command were drawn up in a large 
field near the river road, about a half mile from camp. The 
scene is thus described in Prof. Bates' History of the Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers : 

" The color companies were formed in line in front, with 
the colonel of each regiment at the head of the company. 
The parade ground was surrounded by a line of guards, to 
exclude the vast multitude of soldiers and civilians that had 
collected to witness the presentation. At eleven o'clock, 
President Lincoln, accompanied by Hon. Simon Cameron,t 
Secretary of War, drove into the enclosure ; a few minutes 
later, General M'Clellan arrived, escorted by the M'Clellau 
Rifle Guards, of Chicago, and accompanied by Adjutant- 
General Lorenzo Thomas, General Butler and General 
Mansfield.^ Half an hour later, the sound of artillery, fir- 
ing the appropriate salute, announced the arrival of His 
Excellency the Governor of Pennsylvania. Governor Cur- 
tin,! accompanied by the members of his staff, Surgeon- 
General Henry H. Smith, Judge Maxwell, Paymaster-Gen- 
eral, and many distinguished citizens, soon appeared on the 



* A member of the Congress of the United States for twenty-five years. 

fSubsequently U. S. Minister to Russia and U. S. Senator. 

$Gen. J. K. F. Mansfield, killed at Antiet.im. 

aTwice Governor of Pennsylvania, subsequently Minister to Russia. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 37 

parade ground. Colonel Simmons, Fifth Reserve, which 
had marched to Washington to escort the Governor to Ten- 
allytown, moved into position at the right of the line, and 
General M'Call reported his command in readiness to receive 
the colors. After receiving most cordial greetings from the 
President, the Secretary of War, the General-in-Chief and 
the General commanding. His Excellency the Governor 
proceeded to formally present the colors to the colonels of 
the several regiments, at the head of their color companies. 

"Attended by his staff and General M'Call, he com- 
menced at the right of the line and placed in the hands of 
each colonel the beautiful flag provided by the State of 
Pennsylvania, saying, at the same time, ' that he had been 
delegated by the Legislature of the State to present these 
colors to them, and he hoped their glory would never be 
tarnished in their keeping.' " 

After receiving the colors, the companies wheeled by 
platoons and marched around the right and left of the line 
to the rear, and took their places in the line with their new 
colors unfurled to the breeze. 

The flags were made of silk, fringed with yellow; in the 
blue field was the coat-of-arms of the State, surrounded by 
thirty-four golden stars. Having delivered the flags, the 
Governor returned, and, mounting the seat of his carriage, 
thus addressed the soldiers : 

" General M' Call and Men of Pennsylvania : Were it not 
for the surroundings, one might be struck by the novelty of 
the scene. Large assemblages of the people of Pennsyl- 
vania, on any occasion which calls them together for deliber- 
ation on subjects touching the general welfare and the public 
good, are always attended with a charm that fascinates. 
But when I look over the thousands of Pennsylvanians away 
from the soil of their State, in arms, there is inspiration in 
the occasion. 

"I came here to-day on a duty enjoined by the Legislature 
of Pennsylvania. The remnant of the descendants of the 



38 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

heroes and sages of the Revolution in the Keystone State, 
known as the Cincinnati Society, presented me with a sum 
of money, to arm and equip the volunteers of Pennsylvania 
who might go into public service in the present exigency. 
I referred the subject to the Legislature. They instructed 
me to make these flags and pay for them with the money of 
the Cincinnati Society. I have placed in the centre of the 
azure field the coat-of-arms of your great and glorious State, 
and around it a bright galaxy of stars. I give these flags to 
you to-day, and I know you will carry them, wherever you 
appear, in honor, and that the credit of your State will 
never sufler in your hands. 

" Our peaceful pursuits in Pennsylvania have been broken. 
Many of our people have abandoned those arts of industry 
which lead to development and progress, and have been 
forced to bear arms. They have responded to the call of 
the National Government, and while you are here in obedi- 
ence to that call, your fellow-citizens at home are occupying 
the camps you have lately vacated. All our material wealth, 
and the life of every man in Pennsylvania, stands pledged 
to vindicate the right, to sustain the Government, and to 
restore the ascendancy of law and order. You are here for 
that purpose, with no hope of acquisition or vengeance, nor 
from any desire to be enriched by the shedding of blood. 
God forbid! Our people are for peace. But if men lay 
violent hands on the sacred fabric of the Government, 
unjustly spill the blood of their brethren, and tear the sacred 
Constitution to pieces, Pennsylvania is for war — war to the 
death ! 

"How is it, my friends, that we, of Pennsylvania, are 
interrupted in our progress and development ? How is it 
that workshops are closed, and that our mechanical and 
agricultural pursuits do not secure their merited reward? 
It is because folly, fanaticism, rebellion, murder, piracy and 
treason prevail over a portion of this land ; and we are here 
to-day to vindicate the right, to sustain the Government, to 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 39 

defend the Constitution, and to shed the blood of Pennsyl- 
vanians, if it need be, to produce this result. It will do no 
harm to repeat here, in the presence of so many Pennsyl- 
vanians in arms, that in our State the true principles of 
human liberty were first promulgated to the world; and 
there, also, the convention met that framed the Constitu- 
tion ; and Pennsylvania, loyal in the Revolution, now stands 
solidly and defiantly to arrest the treason and rebellion that 
would tear into pieces the sacred instrument of our Union 
of States. 

" My friends, one might regret to see so many men of 
Pennsylvania here in arms to-day. But there is a pleasure 
in the recollection that you have been willing to volunteer 
your services iu the defence of the great principle of human 
liberty. Should the wrong prevail, should treason and 
rebellion succeed, we have no government. Progress is 
stopped, civilization stands still, and Christianity in the 
world, for the time, must cease — cease forever. Liberty, 
civilization and Christianity hang upon the result of this 
great contest. 

" God is for the truth and the right. Stand by your 
colors, my friends, this day delivered to you, and the right 
will prevail. I present to you to-day, as the representative 
of the people of Pennsylvania, these beautiful colors. I 
place in your hands the honor of your State. Thousands of 
your fellow-citizens at home look to you to vindicate the 
honor of your great State. If you fail, hearts and homes 
will be made desolate. If you succeed, thousands of Penn- 
sylvanians will rejoice over your success; and, on your 
return, you will be hailed as heroes who have gone forth to 
battle for the right. 

" They follow you with their prayers. They look to you 
to vindicate a great government, to sustain legitimate power, 
and to crush out rebellion. Thousands of your friends in 
Pennsylvania know of the presentation of these flags to-day; 



40 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

and I am sure that I am authorized to say that their blessing 
is upon you. 

" May the God of battles, in His wisdom, protect your 
lives, and may right, truth and justice prevail." 

General M'Call responded : 

" General Curtin: Permit me, in the name of the Penn- 
sylvania Reserve Corps, to return, through your Excellency, 
to the State of our birth, the thanks with which we receive 
the splendid banners that, in accordance with an act of the 
State Legislature, you have this day presented. 

" The bestowal of these noble banners devolves upon the 
regiments of this division a responsibility they cheerfully 
accept; and they trust, with the aid of the God of battles, 
to bear these stars and stripes proudly in the conflict, and 
to place the banner of our State amongst the foremost in 
the cause of the Constitution and the Union of our com- 
mon country." 

The presentation over, the regiments passed in review 
before the Governor. The distinguished visitors then par- 
took of a collation in picnic style in the grove fronting 
General M'Call's headquarters. There were a number of 
ladies in the party, whose presence added greatly to the 
pleasure of the occasion. The greatest sociability prevailed, 
and wit and sentiment ruled the hour, without any stiff 
formality. President Lincoln was in his happiest mood, 
and was the life of the company, and all present seemed to 
enjoy themselves much. 

After supper on the 11th, the Third, Seventh, Eighth and 
Eleventh Regiments marched to the Chain Bridge, to sup- 
port General Smith, who was skirmishing on the other side 
of the river, and returned to camp about midnight. 

On the 16th, the regiments of the Reserve were orgfin- 
ized into three brigades, and the brigades into a division, to 
be officially known as " M'Call's Division," but popularly in 
the army, and throughout the world where the record of our 
warfare was read, as the "Pennsylvania Reserve." 



THE THIRD RESERVE, 41 

The First Brigade was composed of the Fifth Regiment, 
Colonel Seneca G. Simmons ; the First Regiment, Colonel 
R. B. Roberts; the Second, Colonel Wm. B. Mann; and 
the Eighth Regiment, Colonel Geo. S. Hayes — commanded 
by Brigadier-General John F. Reynolds, Lieutenant-Colonel 
Fourteenth Infantry, U. S. A. General Reynolds appointed 
on his staff. Captain Charles Kingsbury, Assistant Adjutant- 
General; Lieutenants Charles B. Lamborne and Henry S. 
Spear, Aids-de-camp ; Captain Chandler Hall, Quartermas- 
ter, and Captain James B. Clow, Commissary of Subsist- 
ence, and Dr. Jas. B. King, Brigade Surgeon. 

The Second Brigade was composed of the Third Regi- 
ment, Colonel Horatio G. Sickel; the Fourth Regiment, 
Colonel R. G. March; the Seventh Regiment, Colonel E. 
B. Harvey, and the Eleventh Regiment, Colonel Thomas F. 
Gallagher — commanded by Brigadier-General George Gor- 
don Meade, Captain U. S. Topographical Engineers. Gen- 
eral Meade appointed Captain Edward C. Baird, Assistant 
Adjutant-General; and Lieutenants J. Hamilton Kuhn and 
William W. Watmough, Aids-de-camp; Captain Samuel 
Ringwalt, Quartermaster; Captain James P. Fredericks, 
Commissary of Subsistence ; and Dr. Anthony E. Stocker, 
Brigade Surgeon. 

The Third Brigade was composed of the Tenth Regiment, 
Colonel John S. M'Calmont; the Sixth Regiment, Colonel 
W. W. Ricketts; the Ninth Regiment, Colonel Conrad F. 
Jackson ; and the Twelfth Regiment, Colonel John H. Tag- 
gart — commanded by Brigadier-General E. O. C. Ord, Cap- 
tain Third U. S. Artillery. General Ord appointed on his 
staff Captain Placidus Ord, Assistant Adjutant-General; 
Lieutenants Samuel S. Steward and A. Brady Sharp, Aids- 
de-camp; Captain Wm. Painter, Quartermaster; Captain 
Jas. M. Tillapaugh, Commissary of Subsistence; and Dr. 
W. G. Lowman, Brigade Surgeon. 

The First Rifles, popularly known as the "Bucktails," 
Colonel Charles J, Biddle, were temporarily attached to the 



42 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Second Brigade, and then, for a short time, made independ- 
ent; but on the opening of the campaign, in 1862, were 
permanently assigned to the First Brigade. 

The First Reserve Cavalry, Colonel Geo. D. Bayard, 
Lieutenant Fourth Regiment U. S. Cavalry, was not bri- 
gaded, its commander reporting direct to division head- 
quarters. 

Of the First Reserve Artillery, Colonel Charles T. Camp- 
bell ; Battery A, Captain Hezekiah Easton ; Battery B, 
Captain James H. Cooper; and Battery G, Captain Mark 
Kern, were retained with the division, and the rest of the 
batteries distributed through the Army of the Potomac. 

General M'Call, having previously appointed Captain 
Henry J. Biddle Assistant Adjutant-General, and Lieuten- 
ants Henry A. Scheetz and Eldridge Maconkey Aids-de- 
camp, completed the organization of the departments of 
his division by appointing Captain Chandler Hall Quarter- 
master; Captain Jas. B. Clow, Commissary of Subsistence; 
Lieutenant Estruries Beatty, Ordnance Officer; and Dr. 
Anthony E. Stocker, Surgeon at division headquarters. 
Subsequently, Professor Henry Coppee was attached to the 
staff as Inspector-General, and the Hon. Edward M'Pherson, 
having resigned his commission as Captain in the First 
Regiment on account of having been chosen a representa- 
tive in Congress from the Seventeenth Congressional Dis- 
trict of Pennsylvania, was accepted as a volunteer aid on 
the staff of General M'Call during the recesses of Congress. 

While at Camp Tenally, September 24th, A. L. 5861, 
A. D. 1861, upon application of Colonel Sickel, Captain 
Feaster, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson, H. L. Strong, Cap- 
tains Beatty and Briner, Hospital Steward F. M. Niblo, 
Captain Curtis, Sergeant H. C. Tripp, Sergeant-Major 
Duvall Doran and Captain Richards, the R. W. G. M. 
George C. Whiting, of the Grand Lodge of Free and 
Accepted York Masons of the District of Columbia, granted 
a warrant for the establishment of a Lodge in the Third 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 43 

Reserve, to be known and recognized as " The Potomac 
Lodge." The warrant appointed Colonel Sickel Worshipful 
Master, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson Senior Warden, and 
Captain Curtis Junior Warden, and authorized and empow- 
ered them to hold communications thereof, for social inter- 
course and Masonic instruction. The Lodge was organized 
four days afterwards, and continued to hold camp-meetings 
as circumstances permitted, taking in a number of new 
members, and entered, passed and raised to the sublime 
degree of Master Masons others. This Lodge was the only 
one of Masons in the Army of the Potomac, although the 
Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, 
as early as May 2d, 1861, advised that the M. W. G. M. 
grant special dispensations to such regiments or corps of 
volunteers of the several States in the service of the United 
States in their jurisdiction. 

On the morning of the 7th of October, Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel Thompson, in command of four companies, with wagons 
to convey the tents, etc., marched to the Great Falls, for a 
week's picket duty. Late in the afternoon a violent hail 
storm, accompanied by high winds and thunder, occurred. 
Some of the stones were of the size of bullets, cutting 
through the tents, and almost driving the horses wild. It 
lasted about a half hour, leaving the atmosphere quite cool. 

The next day, the fall election in our State taking place, 
the Reserves exercised the right of casting their vote, each 
company voting at its captain's quarters. Tickets of both 
the political parties were supplied in abundance from home, 
and the men were free from any restraint or improper influ- 
ence of officers or politicians. 



44 THE THIRD RESERVE. 



CHAPTER III. 

Into Virginia — Camp Pierpont — The Long Roll — Death of Pri- 
vate Seifert — Reoonnoissance to Drainesville — Balls Bluff 
— Review — Move Camp — Resignations and Promotions — Review 
AT Munson's Hill — Winter Quarters — The Colonel and the 
Delinquents — Bayard's Skirmish — Foraging Expedition — Bat- 
tle OF Drainesville — Gallantry of Lieutenant-Colonel Kane — 
Christmas AND Pistols — Winter — Virginia Family — A Brave 
Girl — Picketing — " Taking French " — Deaths and Promotions. 

EARLY on the morning of the 9th of October, General 
Smith advanced his division from the neighborhood of 
the Chain Bridge to Langley, where, deploying his skir- 
mishers, he pushed forward a brigade on the Drainesville 
pike, and took possession of Prospect Hill. With his main 
body, he diverged from the pike at Langley to the left, 
advancing towards Lewinsville, which village he entered 
and occupied without opposition, leaving the main portion 
of his troops at Smoot's Hill, and pushing on a detachment 
to hold Miner's Hill. 

To occupy this extention of the lines, the same day orders 
were issued for the Reserves to march. The two days' 
rations of the Third were just being put on the fires, when 
the long roll beat, and the men fell in with their knapsacks 
slung, eager for the move. No one can conceive what a 
scene of animation it was without having felt the joy of 
young, thoughtless soldiers, as they prepare for what they 
suppose is their first battle. Every heart is light and happy, 
every eye is bright and sparkling, every bosom heaves with 
emotions of love and tenderness for those at home, and the 
manly thought fiashes through that they are about to prove 
themselves worthy of the name of Americans. The drums 
beat, the bands peal forth martial strains, the bugles sound, 
the cavalry tramp by with rattling sabres, the artillery 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 45 

rumbles over the ground, the masses of infantry, with their 
bright flashing muskets and nodding ensigns, unravel them- 
selves and move in long columns of blue, fringed with bright 
bayonets, followed by the ammunition wagons and ambu- 
lances, and all wind down to the banks of the Potomac 
towards the Chain Bridge. And what a happy moment. 
They tread the planks, the bands burst forth with " Dixie's 
Land," and the loud and prolonged cheers of brave hearts 
echo from shore to shore of the rock-bound river, and their 
feet press for the first time the " sacred soil of Virginia." 

It was three o'clock in the afternoon when the Third left 
their camp in charge of the sick, under Lieutenant Lehman, 
for the guards had deserted their posts and mingled in the 
ranks; and, preceded by the cavalry and the " Bucktails," 
deployed as skirmishers, crossed the bridge, and moving on 
the Drainesville pike past Fort Marcy, they bivouacked at 
dark in a field a little beyond Langley. Pickets were at 
once thrown out to connect with General Smith's line on 
the left, and to extend to the Potomac on the right. The 
night was dark, cloudy and cold, and the men were without 
tents for the first time, and thus gradually, and to them not 
unpleasantly, they were becoming inured to the field-life of 
a soldier, and the next morning at reveille they were as 
happy and light-hearted as health and youth could make 
them. 

That afternoon the wagons arrived, the tents were pitched 
and Camp Pierpont estabhshed, named in honor of Francis 
H. Pierpont, the loyal Governor of Virginia. The position 
assigned to the Reserves was the extreme right of the Army 
of the Potomac, their picket line extending from the river 
past Prospect Hill, towards Lewinsville. 

The camp of the Third was in a basin surrounded by 
high hills, with field batteries in front. Near dark on the 
11th, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson, with the picket from 
the Great Falls, and the balance of the wagons, arrived in 
camp and pitched his tents. 



46 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

On the night of the 11th, Smith's pickets, in the neigh- 
borhood of Lewinsville, were driven in, and the next day 
the enemy, consisting of at least three regiments of infan- 
try, some cavalry and a battery of six guns, were discovered 
near Miner's Hill, concealed in the woods, which led to the 
supposition that an attack was meditated the next morning. 
At noon the drums beat, and the men got into fighting 
order. General M'Clellan and staff, including the Comte 
de Paris and the Due de Chartres, rode over and remained 
during the night at Smoot's house ; and at midnight the 
drums again beat and every preparation was made for an 
attack. 

It was a clear and beautiful night ; the moon shone forth 
in its mild beauty; the stars twinkled with resplendent 
glory, and not a cloud glided through the sky. The drums 
beat the long roll, the trumpets of the cavalry and artillery 
sounded their shrill blasts, and the bands of the infantry 
pealed forth their inspiring strains. The camp-fires burned 
brightly, the glittering bayonets and sabres flashed in the 
light, and every heart beat high with hope. At two A.M., 
various columns of troops on the Maryland side were put in 
motion, and moved across the river to a position, to be easily 
thrown to any point of the line the emergency might 
require. But alas ! after remaining in position until day- 
light, chilled with the falling dews, the troops were doomed 
to disappointment. Beauregard had only been on a recon- 
naissance in force, to ascertain our position since the recent 
extension of our front. 

At dress parade on the 14th, at the command " ground 
arms," a musket of Company E was discharged, a buckshot 
from which passed through the heart of Fred'k B. Seifert, 
and the ball through the arm of Alfred Phillips, privates of 
Battery B, Captain Cooper. Upon investigation, it was 
ascertained that the musket was not capped, showing the 
caps were without the proper metallic covering, which 
admitted of the charge adhering to the nipple. Seifert's 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 47 

body was sent home the next day, Companies E and D, with 
the Tliird's band, accompanying it to Langley. 

At midnight on the 18th of October, orders were issued 
for the Reserve to prepare to move early the next morning, 
with three days' cooked rations in haversacks; and, accord- 
ingly, there was a busy time the balance of the night around 
the camp-fires. Early in the morning, the regiments were 
in line, and at seven o'clock they moved up the pike towards 
Drainesville. The First Brigade, General Reynolds, took 
the lead, with a squadron of Reserve Cavalry, Colonel Bay- 
ard,* in the van, followed by two batteries of the Reserve 
Artillery, Colonel Campbell,t the "Bucktails," Colonel 
Biddle,! and infantry, with the the ambulances, bringing up 
the rear. Crossing Difficult creek, they continued on 
through Drainesville, and halted to bivouac three miles 
beyond. Soon General M'Call rode up, and ordered them 
to fall back about four miles, to Thornton's house, at the 
forks of the Chain Bridge and Leesburg and Alexandria 
pikes. The artillery was posted to sweep the roads, pickets 
were thrown out, and the men put in a heavy woods, where 
they slept peacefully. 

The Third Reserves fell into line with the Second Brigade, 
General Meade, about seven A.M., and following the First 
Brigade, advanced to within three miles of Drainesville, and 
halting in an open field, bivouacked for the night, the 
pickets surrounding the brigade. The Third Brigade, Gen- 
eral Ord, moved to Difiicult creek, and halted for the night, 
and General Smith moved a division out the Alexandria and 
Leesburg pike to cover that road. 

The next morning, by daylight the boys were up and 
hard at work cutting down the chestnut trees, to get the 
nuts, and capturing the enemy's supply of pigs, turkeys and 



* George D. Bayard, promoted Major-General. Killed at Fredericksburg, Decem- 
ber 13th, 1862. 

t Charles T. Campbell, promoted Brigadier-General. 

J Charles J. Biddle, a soldier of the Mexican War, a distinguished lawyer, and, 
subsequently, a member of Congress, and editor of the Philadelphia Age. 



48 THE THIRD liESERVE. 

chickens, which interesting operations, however, were inter- 
rupted by the commanding officers, and the boys confined 
to the limits of the camp. 

On the march up they found a number of houses aban- 
doned by their occupants, who fled upon their approach, 
under the impression, created by their newspapers, that they 
would carry on the war with rapine and murder. At some 
houses they found the furniture carried out, ready for mov- 
ing. They also found houses that had been abandoned for 
some time, the inmates having been -driven away by their 
neighbors on account of their Union sentiments. 

During the day detachments were sent out to reconnoitre 
the neighboring roads and country, and make a plane-table 
survey of a portion of it, and along the London and Hamp- 
shire railroad in several places they encountered the enemy's 
scouts, killing two and wounding four of them. Two of 
the detachments pushed forward to Goose creek, four miles 
from Leesburg. The next morning, the 21st, General 
M'Call, having accomplished the object of his advance, in 
obedience to orders received that morning from General 
M'Clellan, returned to camp, where he arrived at 1 P.M., 
just three hours before the overwhelming attack pf the 
enemy on Colonel Baker's* command at Balls Bluff was 
commenced. If the Reserves had been ordered to remain 
at Drainesville on Monday, they would have been within 
striking distance of the enemy's rear, and could have, very 
probably, captured or destroyed them. 

Upon M'Call's return to Langley, he received an order 
from General M'Clellan instructing him, if he had not yet 
moved his command, to remain at Drainesville until further 
orders. M'Call telegraphed his position, and asked for 
instructions, and was ordered to rest and hold his men ready 
to move at short notice. 

*E. D. Baker, Colonel Seventy-first Pennsylvania Volunteers and U. S. Senator 
from California. Formerly in Congress from Illinois, and a Colonel in tlie Mexican 
War. Killed at Balls Bluff. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 49 

Arms were stacked, artillery horses re-harnessed, three 
days' rations cooked, and the men held in readiness until 
late the next afternoon. 

On the morning of the 26th, General M'Call reviewed the 
Reserves in front of Johnson's Hill. They consisted of the 
thirteen regiments of infantry of Generals Reynold's, Meade's 
and M'Calmont's brigades, the First Cavalry and the First 
Artillery. As the field contained but about forty acres, the 
reo-iments were formed in divisions closed in mass, which 
wheeled into column in mass, and moved forward to where 
General M'Call and staff were stationed ; but before reach- 
ing him, the divisions broke into companies at wheeling 
distance, and passed in review. When the line began thus 
to uncoil itself, it reached a great distance, and presented a 
splendid appearance. 

In the afternoon the camp of the Third was moved about 
a quarter of a mile nearer Langley, to the right of the pike 
and the west side of a fine sloping hill, terminating abruptly 
towards the village. On the crest was located the field and 
staff, and on the slope the company tents, with a fine parade 
ground between them. 

On the 7th of November, the regiment was paid off by 
Major John M. Pomeroy. On the 10th, Quartermaster 
Frank S. Bickley resigned, and First Lieutenant Strickland 
Yardley, Company C, was appointed in his place. The next 
day. Second Lieutenant Florentine H. Straub, Company D, 
was elected First Lieutenant, vice Bickley, resigned, and 
Sergeant Andrew J. Stetson was elected Second Lieutenant, 
vice Straub, promoted. On the 14th, Second Lieutenant J. 
M. Buckingham, Company B, resigned, and Sergeant L. W. 
Hamlin was elected Second Lieutenant in his place. 

On account of the distance from Washington, and the 
diflSculty of getting there, but few officers cared about tak- 
ing the trouble to procure a pass, and drilling became the 
favorite pastime with them. The regiments being all 
encamped within sight of one another, quite a rivalry sprang 
4 



50 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

up as to which would become the most perfect. The effect 
was a marked improvement in battalion drill. About the 
same time, the colonel established a school of instruction 
among the officers, which was continued as long as they 
remained at Camp Pierpont. 

On the 20th of November, a grand review of a portion of 
the Army of the Potomac took place near Munson's Hill, in 
a valley, or rather plain,. two miles long by one broad. 
About seventy-five thousand troops were formed into three 
sides of a square. Upon the right were cavalry and artillery, 
and on the left the Pennsylvania Reserves. Around this 
immense plain thousands of people and vehicles were gath- 
ered. 

At noon, the President and wife, in an open barouche, 
followed by Secretaries Seward and Cameron, a host of dis- 
tinguished civilians and Foreign Ministers, arrived, and 
took post in the centre and front of the square. Soon after. 
General M'Clellan arrived, and took post to the left of the 
President, surrounded by his generals and staff. A salute 
of artillery was fired, and the President and Secretaries 
mounted horses and started on the review. Commencing 
on the left, they passed down by the Reserve, and as the 
party, consisting of some three hundred officers, generals 
and their staffs, rode by, the troops commenced cheering 
and the bands playing. After passing around, a position 
was taken, and orders given for the column to pass in 
review. First came the Reserves, which, after passing, filed 
to the right and marched at once to their camp, some ten 
miles off". Then followed General Heintzleman's Division, 
which passed to the left, and marched some fifteen miles to 
their post. The divisions of Generals Smith, Franklin, 
Blenker, Porter and M'Dowell, followed after, and each was 
dismissed, and marched directly to its camp. 

About this time the men commenced preparing winter 
quarters. These consisted of walls of from four to six logs 
high, with wedge-tents placed over them. Floors of boards 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 51 

or logs were put down, shelves put up, and small sheet-iron 
stoves put in. From four to six soldiers generally bunked 
together, according to their liking. 

Some of the men having fallen into the habit of absent- 
ing themselves from roll-call, drill, etc., the colonel one 
morning had the delinquents paraded in front of his quar- 
ters, and then marched them out to drill. The men under- 
stood the arrangement, and nothing was said to them about 
it, but the kind manner in which the colonel exercised them 
not only effectually checked the repetition of tlie offence 
but added to their love for him whom they looked upon not 
only as their commander but as their considerate friend, who 
at first always used gentle means to induce them to act 
right. 

On the evening of the 26th of ISTovember, Colonel Bayard 
was ordered to scout the country beyond Difl&cult creek, a 
small stream crossing the pike about six miles from camp, 
and make a descent on Drainesville, seven miles further on, 
with five hundred men of the Reserve cavalry. The village 
was surrounded just before daylight, and several houses 
searched for guerrillas reported to harbor there. Four 
sleeping pickets, Charles Coleman, Philip Carper, Dr. Day 
and son, and three other citizens, were captured. After a 
half hour's halt the cavalry took up their march for camp. 
Two miles from the village, the head of the column was 
fired on by guerrillas concealed in the pine thickets by the 
roadside, and Assistant Surgeon Samuel Alexander and 
Private Joseph Hughling were killed, and two men severely 
wounded. Colonel Bayard was slightly wounded, and he 
and Surgeon David Stanton had their horses killed under 
them. Detachments along the line were immediately dis- 
mounted and pushed into the woods, and in a few minutes 
they killed or captured the whole party. 

Among the killed was Thomas Coleman, the proprietor 
of the hotel in the village, and among the prisoners were 
Captian W. Farley, of General Bonham's staff", and Lieu- 



52 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

tenant T. de Caradene, of South Carolina, who were on a 

courting expedition to the Misses G , who lived in the 

neighborhood. Cupid has no business outside the picket 
lines. 

On the 27th, Private Peter W. Wittee, Company C, who 
died in the regimental hospital, was buried at Laugley, with 
military honors, and the body of Private Joseph R, Barr, 
Company K, was sent to Philadelphia in charge of Lieuten- 
ant Donaghy. About the same time. Private Adam Martz, 
Company G, was buried at Langley, and the body of Lieu- 
tenant John Connally, Company G, was sent to Gerraantown 
in charge of Lieutenant Roberts. Orderly Sergeant Francis 
C. Harrison was elected Second Lieutenant, to fill the 
vacancy occasioned by the death of Lieutenant Connally. 

On the 28th, Company E, Captain John Clark, was per- 
manently detailed as provost guard at Langley, and 
encamped in the rear of General M'Call's headquarters. 

On the 3d of December, the First Brigade started on a 
foraging expedition, and proceeded about nine miles up the 
pike to Mr. Thomas' house, where they captured a large 
number of wagon-loads of corn, etc., that had just been col- 
lected for the enemy. Mr, Thomas was an agent of the 
Confederate Government, whose business it was to scour the 
country, and collect from the unwilling inhabitants bedding, 
blankets, clothing, etc., for the use of the army. The Third 
Regiment returned to camp about six o'clock in the after- 
noon, much pleased with their trip. 

Early on the morning of the 6th, General Meade marched 
with his brigade, Kern's battery, and a squadron of Reserve 
cavalry, under Major Jones,* towards Drainesville to Gun- 
nell's farm, lying between the village and the Potomac, with 
instructions to capture the two nephews of Mr. Gunnell's, 
who, though not in the army, were in the habit of firing 
across the river at the Union pickets on the north side. 
These young gentlemen, with three of their associates and 



*0wen Jones, of Montgomery county. Promoted Colonel May 5th, 1862. 



THE THIRD liESEIiVE. 53 

two colored men, who souglit our lines, were sent to General 
M'Clellan's headquarters, and fifty-five wagon-loads of grain, 
ten horses, a fine drove of hogs, several oxen, several shot- 
guns and rifles were brought to camp. Ord's Brigade fol- 
lowed Meade's in supporting distance. The Third arrived 
back in camp about dark, pretty well tired out. 

These continued trespasses of the Reserve upon the 
enemy's territory brought on the battle of Drainesville. 
For when Ord's Brigade went out a few days later for a 
similar purpose, he was met by the enemy, prepared to con- 
test the ground. 

The Battle of Drainesville, December 20th, 1861. 

General M'Call, having learned through his scouts on the 
evening of the 19th, that the enemy would be at Draines- 
ville the next day with a strong foraging party and a wagon 
train, for the purpose of carrying away all the forage and 
grain from the front of the Reserves, determined to dispute 
the right of property with them. 

Accordingly, early the next morning. General Ord with 
his brigade, consisting of the Sixth, Captain W. G. Ent;* 
the Ninth, Colonel Conrad F. Jackson ;t the Tenth, Colonel 
John S. M'Calmont; and the Twelfth, Colonel John H. 
Taggart;t the " Bucktails," Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas L. 
Kane;§ Easton's Battery of two twenty-four-pound howit- 
zers and two twelve-pound smooth-bores, and four companies 
of cavalry under Lieutenant-Colonel Jacob Higgins, marched 
up the pike and through Drainesville, and halted some dis- 
tance w^est of it. The enemy were soon discovered advanc- 
ing north from the direction of Centreville, on the pike near 
where it joins the Chain Bridge and Leesburg pike, with 

♦Promoted Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. 

t Promoted Brigadier-General .luly ITth, 1802. Killed at Fredericksburg. 

^Subsequently chief of Military School for instruction of officers, Collector of 
Internal Revenue, and editor of the Sundai/ Mercury and of the Sunday Times, Phila- 
delphia. 

? Promoted Brigadier-General September 7th, 1802. Son of Judge Kane, U. S. 
Supreme Court, and brother of Dr. Kane, the celebrated Arctic explorer. 



54 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

the evident intention of seizing the intersection, and cutting 
the communication of the brigade with camp Pierpont, 
Ord immediately double-quicked his command, and, gallop- 
ing down the pike at the head of the artillery, overturned 
one of the guns as he wheeled into position, and seized the 
point. 

The cavalry was posted on the extreme right, next the 
Ninth, then the Bucktails, then four companies of the Tenth, 
then the Sixth, and then the Twelfth; the six companies of 
the Tenth being with the train. The artillery was then 
pushed forward to an eminence near the Centreville road, 
supported by the Bucktails, a portion of whom posted them- 
selves in a brick house near by. 

Brigadier-General Stuart,* commanding the enemy, being 
frustrated in his design, posted Captain Cutt's Georgia bat- 
tery of six guns on the Centreville road, with the Tenth 
Alabama, Colonel John H. Forney, and the Eleventh Vir- 
ginia, Colonel Garland,t on his right; and the Sixth South 
Carolina, Lieutenant-Colonel Secrest, and the First Ken- 
tucky Rifles, Colonel Taylor, on the left, with Stuart's (his 
own) Virginia regiment of cavalry covering his flanks. 

The enemy opened the battle with their artillery, which 
was at once responded to by Eastou's guns, the first shot 
from which elicited loud cheers from our line, who rose to 
their feet, and then lay down again. This work, with a 
steady fire of infantry, lasted nearly a half-hour, when one 
of the enemy's caissons was exploded, and their guns driven 
from their position, when General Ord ordered the whole 
line to charge, which was done with loud cheers. Colonel 
Taggart, who held the left, valiantly advanced on foot 
through a dense woods and underbrush; Kane, at the head 



^^Major-General J. E. B. Stuart, late a Lieutenant U. S. Army. Participated as an 
aid to Lieutennnt-Colonel (General) B. E. Lee in the capture of John Brown at Harpers 
Ferry. Killed at Yellow Tavern, May 10th, 1864. Though ever ready for a " fight or a 
frolic," he espoused the Southern cause through conscientious motives, and was a 
sincere Christian. 

t Promoted Brigadier-General. Killed at South Mountain, September 14th, \mi. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 55 

of the Bucktails, received a painful wound in the roof of 
his mouth, but still continued to lead, though he could not 
speak; and M'Calmont and Jackson cheered their men on. 
The enemy, in precipitous retreat, was driven from the field, 
and the first cheer of victory of the Army of the Potomac 
was there given. 

Our loss was seven killed and forty-eight wounded.* The 
enemy, who reported the engagement to have been very 
severe, acknowledged the loss of forty-three killed, one 
hundred and forty-three wounded, and forty-four missing, 
the latter probably being mostly wounded or deserters. 
Colonel Forney was wounded, and Lieutenant-Colonel Mar- 
tin killed. The Sixth South Carolina lost sixty-five men — 
partly by the fire of the First Kentucky, who mistook them 
for Unionists. They left twenty-five horses dead upon the 
field and two caissons. 

General M'Call, by rapid riding, arrived upon the battle- 
field soon after the action commenced, and assumed com- 
mand. After the battle, with the Eeserves' dead, the 
wounded of both armies, the prisoners, trophies and forage, 
they returned to Camp Pierpont. 

Early in the day the First Brigade, General Reynolds, 
moved beyond Difiicult creek to within a short distance of 
Drainesville, and was followed by the Second Brigade, 
General Meade, but neither participated in the battle, and 
the whole command arrived in camp about eight o'clock in 
the evening. 

A few days after the battle. Governor Curtin visited the 
Reserves, to congratulate them and care for the wounded, 
and he caused the flags of the regiments that participated 
in the engagement to be sent to Washington, where 
"Drainesville, December 20th, 1861," w^as inscribed on each, 
after which they were returned to them in the presence of 
the division and an assemblage of distinguished personages. 

* Counted by the author. 



56 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Christmas is always a season of happiness to those who 
have loved ones at home, no matter how uncomfortable the 
wanderer may be, for he knows his loved ones are happy, 
and that he shares a portion of their thoughts and love that 
day. And the boys were not forgotten by those they held 
dear, for many were the Christmas boxes received, filled 
with roast fowls, cake and sweetmeats, and many happy 
hearts there were in camp that day. Innumerable little 
dinners were given by comrades of boyhood days, and if the 
turkey or chicken was not so hot, the cakes and other deli- 
cacies not so fresh and nice as at home, the repast was 
sweetened by the thought they came from dear home. 

The usual dress parade was held that day, and when the 
officers had marched to the front, to salute the colonel, and 
the parade about to dismiss, Adjutant Jamieson moved the 
left wing in rear of the right. This unusual movement 
took the colonel and the men somewhat by surprise, but, 
supposing the adjutant was about to execute some brilliant 
military movements that would astonish even Hardie, he was 
not interrupted. But greater was the surprise when Captain 
Washington Richards stepped forward and produced a 
pair of holsters containing a magnificent pair of naval 
revolvers, which, in a neat and appropriate speech, he pre- 
sented to the colonel in behalf of his brother officers. The 
colonel replied in a few neat and eloquent remarks, which 
were received with great enthusiasm by the officers and 
men. 

The officers, in disposition and taste, very happily agreed, 
and it was their particular aim to promote kindly and good 
feelings. There was never any jarring, strife or jealousy 
among them, all the favors being conferred by mutual con- 
sent, and not by the arbitrary will of the colonel, except for 
the good of the service. In his tent they collected in the 
evenings around the cheerful fire, and passed the time in 
pleasant and instructive conversation, and if the discussions 
were shaping to extremes, they were happily turned into 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 57 

another direction, and they obtained the sobriquet of the 
"Happ3' Family." There was considerable religious ele- 
ment in the regiment, and this was duly encouraged, and 
proper respect was always shown to the chaplain, in whose 
tent and in some of the company officers' there were fre- 
quent prayer meetings, attended by earnest and sincere 
listeners. The beneficial effect of one kind and well-organ- 
ized mind in a regiment has far more influence than is gen- 
erally supposed in promoting the real happiness and welfare 
of the whole command, and is the surest guarantee of good 
discipline and faithful discharge of duty. 

On the 1st of January, 1862, Orderly Sergeant J. B. Bar- 
tholomew was elected Second Lieutenant, Company H, to 
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lieutenant 
Nelson Applebach on the 4th ult. 

Winter now set in in earnest, and the " sacred soil of Vir- 
ginia " began to assume very much the appearance of a 
vast mud-puddle. Almost every day it drizzled, rained and 
snowed alternately ; the sun not blessing us with its genial 
rays, nor Jack Frost coming to our relief, to extricate us 
irom the mud. Shoe and clothes brushes w^ere at a discount. 
Nice young men, who formerly prided themselves on their 
kid gloves and patent-leather boots, began to realize the 
stern necessities of the case, and officers, sergeants, corpo- 
rals and privates wandered about in a promiscuous mass, 
floundering and splashing in the mire, as happy as young 
ducks in a mud-puddle. Nature, happily, has formed man 
to be contented with circumstances, and what seems 
the height of misery to the imagination, in reality loses 
much of its unpleasantness. The boys ate their rations, 
thought of their sweethearts, slept warmly in their bunks, 
stood in the mud on guard, and shivered on picket, making 
the best of their situation, occasionaly wishing the war was 
over, and having slight hopes of furloughs in the future. 

The reveille rattles, and up springs the soldier — " Fall in. 
Company A ! " rings down the street, and, with variations 



58 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

in the letter, is repeated over the camp. Out stumble the 
sleepy boys and range themselves in line in front of their 
tents. Eoll-call is soon over, and down they run to the 
neighboring creek, where their toilet is performed. Back 
to their tents, and tumbling in, they soon have a glowing 
fire burning. Then comes breakfast, which fascinating 
summons is always obeyed, and, with tin plates and cups, to 
the music of the " tin-plate march," they proceed to the 
cook's quarters of their company. The milkless coffee is 
dipped from a huge kettle, and the salt junk from a pile, 
and, with a few wafers of hard-tack, the patriots march 
back to their tents, and enjoy a hearty meal. 

At eight comes guard mounting — quite an imposing cere- 
mony in clear weather. Then the boys cut their wood and 
fill their canteens, clean their muskets, sew on buttons, write 
home, read, cut wooden chains and bone rings, play cards, 
smoke and talk over old times, and brag about their sweet- 
hearts. At noon the dinner call is sounded, and out turns 
the redoubtable tin-plate band, who waddle through the 
mud to the kitchen, where it is only by their redoubled 
energies with the more uproarious rattling of merry voices, 
that the words of discontent and grumbling are drowned. 
The beef generally turns out to be an article known to the 
soldiers as " salt horse," which sometimes gives way to its 
fresh kindred or bean soup, but is usually only varied with 
salt pork. The afternoon glides away like the morning, 
and then comes the unchangeable " hard-tack and coffee." 
At nine tattoo beats, and the regimental bands, commencing 
on the right of each brigade, begin playing, and by the time 
they have ceased, the half hour has expired for taps to sound, 
when all lights are extinguished and sounds cease. This is 
the routine of camp in bad weather, but when the ground 
will permit, drilling and bayonet exercise take place in the 
morning and afternoon, besides the " dress parade " of the 
evenino-. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 59 

On the 3tl, the regiment was ordered to Difficult creek, to 
furnish details for and protect Brigade Quartermaster Ring- 
wait in repairing the bridge at that point. The pickets 
were ordered to let the column pass, but to prevent all 
stragglers from following. Upon arrival, pickets were 
thrown out, and the men went to work with great zeal. It 
being a fine day, they had a very pleasant time of it — it 
seeming more like a picnic than work. They returned to 
camp in time to hold dress parade. 

On the 9th, the regiment was paid oft" by Paymaster 
Poraeroy, in treasury notes, he allowing one hundred dol- 
lars in gold to each captain to make change with for the 
men. The colonel having requested an expression of opin- 
ion by the officers, as to whom should be sent on recruiting 
service, and Lieutenants Davenport and Roberts being indi- 
cated by the ballot, they were accordingly detailed, and left 
for Pennsylvania on the 18th. 

About this time target practice became quite popular, 
and the crack of muskets was heard daily in the direction 
of the Potomac. Fourteen rounds per man was allowed ; 
the targets were 10x15 inches, and the distance one and 
two hundred yards. The firing was very good, and some of 
the men proved themselves most excellent shots. 

Captain Richards, being sick, received permission to move 
to the house of Mr. Walters, a wealthy farmer, who resided 
near Langley. Mr. W. was a staunch Unionist, and having 
strenuously opposed the secession of his State, incurred the 
bitter hatred of his life-long neighbors, who favored it. They 
not being able to drive him and his family from their home, 
the aid of rebel cavalry was invoked, who made several 
descents upon his house at night, in hopes of capturing him. 
Mr. W., however, having no idea of going to Richmond, 
sometimes concealed himself in tree-tops, and at others 
under the floor of the out buildings, and succeeded in elud- 
ing them. At last he was forced to take to the woods, where 
he remained concealed for over a month, eluding their con- 



60 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

stant search. During this time food was brought by his 
daughter, Marietta, a brave, handsome, young girl, who, 
at night, with cat-like stillness, passed their guards, and 
deposited it at certain places in the woods, without ever 
awakening their suspicion. At last the Reserves came, and 
the rebels, chagrined at missing their prize, fired a number 
of cannon shot at the house and left. 

Mrs. W., though exceedingly inconvenient, freely enter- 
tained all who came to her house; and with Captain Rich- 
ards, an officer of the Second, Captains Scheetz and Beatty, 
of the stafi", Colonel Campbell, of the artillery. General 
Bayard and Adjutant Buffingtou, of the cavalry, a-.d several 
of their wives, there was an agreeable and social company. 
Miss Marietta, of course, was the great favorite, and her 
noble and artless heart won the admiration of all, and long 
after, in distant camps, when these officers met, was her 
name mentioned in respectful and warm remembrance. 

Details for pickets were constantly made, and upon these 
occasions the two companies upon whom it fell were up 
bright and early, and, with a day's cooked rations, marched 
up the pike, where they were inspected by one of the gen- 
eral's aids, who verified the detail. Then they proceeded 
to Prospect Hill, where they were divided into three reliefs, 
and relieved the old picket. Shelters of boughs were built 
for the reserve to lie in, and a considerable portion of the 
day was spent in cutting wood for the night. Our line 
was near the Ball house, which, until it disappeared, 
was the headquarters. Mr. Ball was a violent secessionist, 
and, like most of his clan, had abandoned his home, and, 
with his family, gone south upon the approach of our army. 
The consequence was, everything soon went to ruin — the 
trees were cut down, fences burnt up, and one board after 
another disappeared from the house, until the chimney alone 
marked where it once stood. 

This was the case all the way down to the Chain Bridge, 
and to Alexandria, the only exceptions being of those who had 



THE THIRD liESEllVE. (51 

sense enough to remain at home, and those who had returned 
from the exile into. which they had been driven by their 
secession neighbors. When the rebellion first broke out, the 
secessionists, although in the minority, with the aid of Con- 
federate cavalry, drove the Union citizens from their houses 
impressing the young men, and plundering and robbing the 
old and helpless. 

An old slave and his wife were all that remained on the 
farm, and their cabin and little garden were undisturbed. 
They obtained their daily food from the haversacks of the 
soldiers, for which they appeared grateful. They had great 
faith in the efficacy of prayer, and when " old Uncle Ben " 
discoursed upon the war, he was wont to observe : " Massa 
Linkum has a power of men, and they am mighty fond of 
chickens. I 'spects Massa Government must be powerful 
rich to own all dem wagons and bosses." Uncle Ben truly 
loved the aforesaid gentlemen, and frequently inquired if 
they " had eber 'sperience' religion." 

Picketing, in pleasant weather, was much preferable to 
the camp; but on the bleak hills near the Potomac, during 
the bitter cold nights, the wind came rustling down the val- 
ley, penetrating to the very bones. Sometimes it was so 
intensely cold that the men were relieved every hour. The 
reserve, by huddling up together near the fires, could man- 
age to sleep pretty warm, and many a blessing arose from 
their hearts to the man who invented sleeping " spoon 
fashion." 

Beyond the picket line was the cavalry patrol, who moved 
to and fro on the pike, as far as Diflficult creek. Sometimes, 
on cold nights, the patrol would induce one of the infantry, 
who was oft' duty, to ride a round for him, while he warmed 
himself. This, however, it was necessary for them to keep 
to themselves. 

The men had now been a long while from home, and, of 
course, longed to see those they loved and left behind; but 
as furloughs could not be granted to all, many were doomed 



62 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

to disappointment. Considerable numbers, however, took 
a run for a week or so without authority. Many of these, 
however, were detected in spite of their citizen's clothes, for 
soldiers have a peculiar look and style about them that is 
easily recognized by a practiced eye. When the Potomac 
froze over, this evil became prevalent, in spite of the sure 
punishment that awaited their return; but the men were 
willing to stand it for the pleasure of seeing those they 
loved. Pickets were stationed on the river with orders to 
shoot down any who attempted to cross. Soldiers on duty 
are very apt to obey orders, and several men were killed or 
wounded on the ice. But home, no matter how humble, is 
the palace of the heart, and surely it was right to deal leni- 
ently, upon their return, with those who run the gauntlet. 

On the 22d of January, Privates Thomas C. Stone, of 
Company C; Adam Gilbert, of Company F; and James 
Eodine, of Company I, were detailed to the battery, and, 
about the same time, five volunteers from each regiment of 
the Reserve were called for the western flotilla; and the 
seventy-five men thus obtained formed the crew of the cele- 
brated gunboat, Carondolet, that run such a glorious career 
upon the Mississippi. 

On the 3d of February, Private James Rose, Company C, 
died in camp, and his comrades sent his body home. On 
the 27th, Orderly Sergeant Sebastian Eckle, Company A, 
was elected Second Lieutenant in place of Lieutenant J. A. 
Clous, who resigned on account of ill health. On the 28th, 
Private George W. Morris, Company C, died, and Chaplain 
William H. Leake resigned on account of failing health, 
and the Reverend George H. Frear, of Reading, was ap- 
pointed in his place. 

Early in March, orders were issued for three days' rations 
to be kept in the haversacks, and from the 4th to the 8th 
the Reserves were each day marched to the Chain Bridge or 
Difficult creek, to inure them for the coming campaign. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 63 



CHAPTER IV. 

1862 — Waiting for the Advance — Johnston Sdpekcedes Beauregard 
— Army Corps — Opening of the Campaign of 1862 — March of 
THE Reserves — Hunter's Mills — Active Minds vs. Bodily 
Strength — Patriots Aroused — 'Jo Alexandria — Review of the 
First Corps — Department of the Rappahannock — General 
M'Dowell — To Manassas Junction — Insurgent Debris — Con- 
federate Eagle — Naughty Boys — Catlett Station — White 
Ridge — Slaves — The Concealed Flag — A Financial Transac- 
tion — Review and Inspection — The President — Fredericks- 
burg — Destruction of the Bridges — In Search of her Hus- 
band. 

THE nation had waited a long while for the Array of the 
Potomac to advance, and had now become impatient at 
its inactivity in front of Washington, with the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad obstructed and broken up on its right, and 
the navigation of the Potomac stopped by rebel batteries 
on its left. President Lincoln, late in January, issued a war 
order commanding a general advance upon the enemy from 
every quarter on the 22d of February, and a special war 
order to General M'Clellan to advance upon and seize Man- 
assas Junction, on or before that date. General M'Clellan 
preferred a movement up the Peninsula, which the Presi- 
dent objected to on account of the great delay and expen- 
diture of money it would involve. 

On the 30th of January, General Beauregard was suc- 
ceeded in the command of the insurgent "Army of Vir- 
ginia," by General Johnston,* who, at once, quietly and 
gradually commenced the removal of the vast stores at 

* General Joseph E. Johnston, of Virginia; his father was an officer of Lee's Le- 
gion; his mother, a niece of Patrick Henry; was educated at West Point, and served 
■f«~^%i the United States Army in the grades from Second Lieutenant to Brigadier-Gen- 
eral; and in the Confederate Army as General; was wounded at Fair Oaks; sur- 
rendered his army to General Sherman, in North Carolina, April 26th, 1865. Is a mem- 
ber of the Forty-sixth Congress of the United States. 



64 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Manassas, and completed the evacuation on the 8th of 
March, the smoke of their burning huts conveying the first 
intimation of the movement to our scouts.* 

The next day. General M'Clellan ordered our army to ad- 
vance on Manassas, to offer them " an opportunity to gain 
some experience on the march and bivouac, preparatory to 
the campaign, and to get rid of the superfluous baggage and 
other impediments." The cavalry, under Colonel Averill, 
at noon entered Centreville unmolested, and on the 14th 
discovered the enemy near Warrenton Junction. On the 
13th, at a council of corps commanders at Fairfax Court 
House, the Peninsula campaign was decided on, providing, 
among other things, that "a total of 40,000 men be left for 
the defence of Washington." This was acquiesced in by 
the President, on condition that General M'Clellan should, 
" at all events, move such remainder of the army at once in 
pursuit of the enemy, by some route."t 

On the 8th of March the President directed the army of 
the Potomac to be divided into four army corps, to be com- 
manded by Generals Irwin M'Dowell, E. V. Sumner, S. P. 
Heintzleman and E. D. Keyes. On the 11th, General 
M'Clellan was relieved from the command of all military 
departments except that of the Potomac. 

At one o'clock on the afternoon of the 10th of March, 
the Third Regiment got into line, and, bidding farewell to 
their happy home at Pierpont, moved on to the pike and 
took up its line of march towards Drainesville. Through 
the night and during the morning it had rained, making the 
roads muddy, and the heavy knapsacks bore hard upon the 
men's shoulders. But all were in excellent spirits, not 
knowing the object of the movement, and supposing they 
would soon meet the foe. The march bore pretty hard upon 
some of the weaker ones, but sooner than fall out to rest, 
they threw away their extra clothing, strewing the road with 

* Pollard. 

tThe Secretary of War to General M'ClellaD, March 13th, 180:i. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 65 

coats, blouses, blankets, etc. Continuing up the pike, across 
Difficult creek to Spring Vale, they turned to the left, fol- 
lowing a bridle path through the woods and over the hills 
until near ten o'clock at night, when they halted and 
bivouacked near Hunter's Mills. The night was cold and 
rainy, and no fires were lighted, but the boys, wearied with 
their fifteen miles' march, rolled themselves in their blankets 
and slept soundly. 

The next morning the regiment moved across the road 
and encamped near Hawkhurst's Mills, which had been 
burned by the insurgent soldiers on account of the Union 
sentiment of the owner. The position was about two miles 
from Fairfax Court House, and was christened by the men 
" Smoky Hollow." Here they received the " shelter tents," 
which experience taught them were the best in use for an 
army in the field, as each man carrying his section, by join- 
ing with one or two comrades, could have a comfortable 
tent in a few moments. In fact, these sheets, with one or 
two small articles twisted up in them, and worn across the 
body from the shoulders to the waist, formed the entire kit 
of the Reserves throughout the war, after they threw away 
their knapsacks on the peninsula, and nothing could induce 
them to accept of more than an overcoat or blanket after- 
wards. Picket duty, company and battalion drill and dress 
parade served to occupy the time of the men and to keep 
up the proper discipline. 

On the evening of the 14th, during a light fall of rain, 
they took up their march through the woods, passing, on 
every side, bivouacs and burning bough huts or arbors, the 
glare from which lighted them on their way for miles. 
Reaching the Alexandria and Leesburg pike, they turned to 
the right, and, passing along it to Powell's Mill, near Dif- 
ficult creek, they, about midnight, filed into a dense 
woods, where their fires were soon burning brightly, and 
they lay down to sleep, despite the falling rain. 
5 



66 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Early the next morning, during a heavy rain, the column 
was put in motion, and moving across the country, struck 
the Drainesville pike, and, turning down it, crossed Difficult 
creek and entered a wood, moving back again towards the 
Alexandria and Leesburg pike by a private road. During 
the whole day the rain was falling in torrents, flooding the 
swampy ground and making the march most fatiguing. It 
was impossible to keep the line closed up, and the men scat- 
tered and plunged through the mud, toiling under their 
heavy knapsacks. Upon reaching the pike a long halt was 
ordered, for the stragglers to catch up, and ambulances were 
sent back for those who had given out. Recommencing the 
march, about three o'clock they filed into the woods and 
stacked arms. Here was strikingly illustrated the supe- 
riority of an active and energetic mind over mere bodily 
strength to endure hardships. Some of the men set them- 
selves down at the foot of trees, and covering their heads 
with their rubber blankets, remained all night in that posi- 
tion, feeling the next morning stiff, lame and miserable, 
while those who stirred about and kept up their spirits and 
took a little nap in the mud and rain, and then dried them- 
selves by the fires, felt pretty well. 

After much patient labor, they succeeded in getting the 
fires started, and towards night hot coffee was served out. 
But such was the violence of the storm, that it was impossi- 
ble to put up the tents, and most of the men spent the night 
in cutting wood and standing around the fires. At one 
time, the heavens appeared to outdo themselves, opening 
their flood-gates and pouring down a torrent of water, 
stifling the wind, and flooding all below. The fires were 
almost instantly extinguished, and then the patriots were 
aroused to a full appreciation of their position. Not to be 
thus conquered and subdued by the raging elements, they 
set up their wild shouts and huzzahs, making the woods and 
hills, for miles around, echo with their noise, until, by 
indomitable perseverance, they actually got themselves into 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 67 

a good humor. All that was wanted, after they got fully 
started, to complete their happiness, was a fiddle and 
" straight four," and then they would have made a full night 
of it. But morning came, and with it a bright, warm sun, 
nature appearing to have exhausted herself in the mad rage 
of the night. 

At ten o'clock the next morning the Reserves renewed 
their march. The day was tolerably fair, but the roads were 
heavy, and the boys felt hardly rested by their sleepless 
night from the fatigues of the preceding day. The knap- 
sacks had scarcely grown lighter than when laid down the 
night before, yet the}' were full of life and spirit when they 
passed other troops, greeting them with good-humored and 
playful remarks, l^ear Falls Church, they found the old 
flag waving on a portico, surrounded by several ladies, who 
welcomed them with smiles of gladness. Passing Munson's 
Hill, and a long line of field-works erected at diflferent times 
by the Union and insurgent troops, they arrived near Alex- 
andria, and encamped before sunset on a hill overlooking 
the city, the Capital, and the Potomac. While they lay 
here the weather was cold, rainy and disagreeable, rendering 
the ground mostly unfit for drilling, but every favorable 
opportunity was taken advantage of for the purpose. They 
received their full rations and a ration of whiskey every 
rainy night. On the 25th, a grand review of the First Army 
Corps was had by General M'Dowell. On the 31st, Private 
Thomas Leonard, Company K, died from the effect of an 
amputation, found necessary in consequence of a gunshot 
wound accidentally received some time before. On the 3d 
of April, Sergeant James W. Carrier, Company B; Privates 
Frank Weigh ter. Company I; Samuel Duckworth, Com- 
pany G ; and Henry D. Boger, Company K, were detailed 
to the Fifth U. S. Battery, serving with the Reserves. Nearly 
the whole army was now concentrated around Alexandria, 
and the transportation of it to the Peninsula commenced, 



68 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

mauy regiments marching through the city and embarking 
each day. 

For the defence ofWashington, with its enormous depots 
of arms, munitions and provisions, M'Call's and King's 
divisions of the First Corps were detached from the Army 
of the Potomac, and the Department of the Rappahannock 
established, under the command of General Irwin M'Dow- 
ell. Reynolds' Brigade moved by rail, on the 9th, to Man- 
assas Junction, during a severe snow storm. Early on the 
11th, Meade's and Ord's Brigades commenced their march 
for the same place, moving along the pike through Fairfax 
Court House, and bivouacking three miles beyond. The 
next day they passed through Centreville and halted at Bull 
Run for dinner, and then, moving on, arrived at their desti- 
nation in time to prepare their encampment. From Centre- 
ville all w^as a scene of desolation, the farms being stripped 
of their outbuildings and fences, and most of the wood 
being cut down by the enemy, who had occupied the country. 
At Manassas were the vast ruins of the depot, hospital, and 
other buildings destroyed upon the evacuation. In every 
direction were seen wrecked cars and machinery ; vast piles 
of flour, pork, beef, tallow, hides and bones; broken wagons, 
ambulances and caissons ; scattered clothing, trunks, bottles, 
demijohns, tents, barrels and boxes; deserted huts and field- 
works, all mixed up together in inextricable confusion. 
The only thing left to welcome us was that pet of the South, 
a Confederate eagle, commonly called in the North a turkey 
buzzard, whose wings had been clipped by^ our departed 
friends, to prevent its escape. Not liking, however, the 
sanitary condition of our encampment, he left in search of 
better fare. Soon after our arrival, quite a number of sut- 
ler and other " shebangs " were opened in the neighborhood, 
which furnished us an abundant supply of the various 
articles so necessary for the soldier's comfort. One individ- 
ual was doing a thriving business, he having succeeded 
in smuggling through a barrel of cider, which delightful 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 69 

beverage he dispensed to his thirsty patrons at ten cents a 
glass. Some of the boys, however, conceived the idea of 
running opposition to him, and having succeeded, through 
false pretense, in borrowing an auger and faucet from him, 
cut a hole in the back of his tent, tapped his barrel, and 
commenced operations. As they charged but half-price, and 
gave twice as much, they were liberally patronized, and 
after selling out in an incredibly short time they decamped, 
when he was invited around to view the operation. 

Early on the 18th, the Third moved off with the brigade, 
in a southerly direction, soon striking the Orange and Alex- 
andria railroad, on which they crossed Broad and Kettle 
runs on the new bridges built to replace those destroyed by 
the enemy. Towards night they arrived near Catlett's Sta- 
tion, where they encamped. The distance made was about 
twelve miles, and the day being very warm, many of the 
men threw away their overcoats to lighten their burdens. 

Here Dr. Thomas B. Keed was promoted Brigade Sur- 
geon, but, much against his will, was detached from the 
division, and was ordered to Yorktown. It was his earnest 
wish to remain with the Reserves during the war. His 
departure was much regretted, on account of the sincere 
attachment of the officers and men of his regiment. 

On the 21st, Colonel Sickel was detailed as division field 
officer of the picket line, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson as 
brigade field officer, and Companies A, I and F as picket on 
the heights beyond Cedar creek. It had rained hard for 
several days, which swelled the creek so much that during 
the night the railroad bridge was swept away, and the picket 
was detained until the flood subsided sufficiently to permit 
them to ford. Here they found, for the first time, honest 
people, they acknowledging frankly they were secessionists. 
They did not anticipate war as the result of their move- 
ment, but believed if one did occur it w^ould be on northern 
soil. They regretted the state of affairs now existing, and, 
when closely questioned, expressed their belief in their ulti- 



70 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

mate success. On the 26th and 27th, Captain Feaster was 
detailed, with fifty men, to rebuild the bridge. The next 
day was clear, pleasant and cool, and in the morning the 
brigade moved off, over hills and dales, and through the 
woods and fields, in a southeasterly direction. They passed 
several churches, a Methodist and a Baptist, but in neither 
of them had divine service been held for eight months, the 
war having unsettled society so much, even before our 
advent. Many slaves were found on the route, who told us 
they had been for a long while discussing the subject of 
moving North. They all longed for liberty, excepting the 
feeble and the old, who had spent a life of unrequited toil, 
and who did not feel they could care for themselves. Pass- 
ing through the small village of White Ridge, near sunset 
they bivouacked in a pine woods, having marched twelve 
miles. The next morning, the 29th, they moved off early, 
marching on the fields alongside of the roads. The country 
became more diversified, and timber heavier. In passing a 
stately mansion, the men's hearts were gladdened by the 
sight of the stars and stripes flying from a tree in the lawn, 
and their loud cheers rolled down the line and through the 
woods. This flag had been concealed for many months in 
an artificial hollow in the tree, neatly covered by a piece of 
bark. At noon, near Hartwood, a long halt was called for 
dinner, and then they moved on, passing the spot where 
Colonel Bayard, of the Reserve cavalry, had whipped the 
enemy on the 18th, and had driven them beyond the Rappa- 
hannock. A short ways on they entered Falmouth, through 
which they passed with banners unfurled and bands playing. 
The women and children flocked to the doors and windows, 
and a motley crowd of colored folks followed, the men 
enraptured with the music, and the women in ecstacy over 
the flags, declaring them "rale silk." About two miles 
beyond, they encamped in a fine woods near the Acquia 
raih-oad, where they found abundance of fuel and water, 
articles so necessary for the comfort of soldiers. The march 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 71 

was twenty miles, and the men came in in fine order, with 
but few stragglers. The ground where we lay was once 
owned by Washington, he having inherited it from his 
father. Near here he spent his youth, from the age of ten 
to sixteen, during which time he obtained the principal por- 
tion of his school education. 

Falmouth is situated on the Rappahannock, nearly oppo- 
site Fredericksburg, with which it was connected by two 
bridges, which, with several steamboats and sailing crafts, 
were burnt upon our approach. A church, a factory, a mill, 
and several stores, and about eighty dilapidated frame 
houses, constituted its extent. What few articles the inhab- 
itants offered for sale they asked exorbitant prices for, but 
soon the town was filled with our sutlers, store-keepers and 
photographers, who gave new life to it. 

Some of the Bucktails, who had a large supply of imita- 
tion Confederate notes, such as were sold as curiosities in 
all the Northern cities at a cent apiece, tried one of them 
on the miller, and with such success that they went back 
and bought him out, paying nearly eleven hundred dollars 
for his stock of flour. When he discovered the character 
of the notes, instead of giving way to vain regrets, he 
repaired to General M' Call's headquarters, and asked for a 
pass to cross to Fredericksburg, basing his application on 
this transaction, he thinking it but right he should have an 
opportunity to pass them off and reimburse himself before 
it was known over there. Captain Beatty, of the staft', was 
detailed to quote Scripture to him bearing upon the subject, 
but he left in disgust. 

Here a division bakery was established, which was cap- 
able of turning out 2,160 loaves of bread per day. On the 
10th of May, Captain Feaster, with sixty -four men, was 
detailed to rebuild the Acquia and Fredericksburg railroad 
bridge, and on the 19th the cars passed over the river. It 
was partly built of timber which the enemy had dressed for 
the purpose of constructing gun-boats. On the morning of 



72 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

the 19th the regiment marched to a large open field, where 
the brigade was reviewed and inspected by Colonel Van 
Rensselaer, Inspector-General U. S. Army, assisted by 
Prince, Colonel Felix Salm Salm, Sixty-eighth ]!^ew York 
Volunteers. At the review, the bands of the brigade, num- 
bering some sixty instruments, were united, producing a 
very loud noise. 

On the afternoon of the 23d, His Excellency Abraham 
Lincoln, accompanied by the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Sec- 
retary of War, and Hon. William H. Seward, Secretary 
of State, Major-General M'Dowell and staff, and General 
Shields, who, on account of his wounds, rode in a carriage, 
reviewed our corps about three miles from camp. As the 
President rode down the line on a fine, spirited black horse, 
the troops presented arms, the colors drooped, ofiicers saluted, 
drums beat, trumpets sounded, and a salute of twenty-one 
guns fired. Long and loud cheers for the steadfast helms- 
man broke forth from the men as he passed along. 

General M'Dowell had been instructed on the 17th, as 
soon as General Shields should arrive with his division from 
the valley, to advance on Richmond overland, and join Gen- 
eral M'Clellan. Shields' Division arrived on the 22d, after 
long and fatiguing marches, and it was decided, at a con- 
sultation between the President and the generals, that the 
movement should commence on the 26th. Hardly had the 
President departed, than dispatches were received by Gen- 
eral M'Dowell informing him of the raid of the enemy, under 
General Jackson, down the Shenandoah Valley. This wholly 
changed the plans, and three divisions, under Generals Ord, 
Shields and King, were sent, with General Bayard's Brigade 
of Cavalry and four companies of Bucktails under Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Kane, to General Banks' relief. The departure 
of these troops left the Reserves to hold Fredericksburg, 
and on the 26th the division moved towards Falmouth, and 
encamped opposite the city, near the abandoned camps of 
some New York troops. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 73 

The First Brigade the same day crossed the river, and 
marching through the city, encamped on Marye's Heights 
in the rear. Six mouths afterwards some of the hardest 
fighting of the war occurred on this identical spot. General 
Reynolds was appointed Military Governor, and, being a 
soldier and a just man, was vigorous and equitable in his 
administration. So highly was he respected by the citizens 
that, upon his being taken prisoner at Gaines' Mills, they 
sent a deputation to Richmond to intercede for his parole. 
Fredericksburg is an ancient city of about 5,000 inhabitants, 
and before the war its exports amounted to considerable. 
Captain John Smith, of Pocohontas fame, ascended the river 
in 1608, and fought the Indians on its site. On the out- 
skirts of the city, on the edge of a pretty bluff, is the grave 
of Mary, the mother of Washington. 

On the 31st, Reynolds' Brigade was withdrawn from the 
city, and rejoined the division. The same day the Third 
was paid off by Paymaster Pomeroy, and white duck leg- 
gins were issued to the men. On the 4th of June the river 
became so much swollen from the effect of continued rain, 
that fears were entertained for the safety of the bridges. 
General M'Call, therefore, ordered the pontoon-bridge to be 
taken up. In the afternoon the trestle-bridge, not being 
able to resist the pressure, gave way, and was swept down 
the river, the wreck coming in contact with the railroad 
bridge and carrying it away. The timbers of these two 
being swept against the canal-boat bridge, destroyed it also. 
The destruction of the bridges occasioned much joy among 
the inhabitants of the city, who had collected on the bank 
to witness the scene, and who could not refrain from mani- 
festing it by loud cheers and the waving of handkerchiefs. 
Certainly we could not expect them to grieve at their enemy's 
discomfitures. 

While here. Colonel John H. Shelmire and Major James 
Hart, of Pennsylvania, serving in the First New Jersey 
Cavalry, visited the Third, and dined with the officers. The 



74 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

former was killed at Brandy Station in 1863, and the latter 
at Dinwiddle Court House in 1865. One afternoon, a buxom 
widow, apparently of great simplicity of mind, came into 
camp in search of her husband, to whom she had been mar- 
ried two days before, and who had left early the next morn- 
ing to breakfast with General Meade. She had not procured 
a marriage certificate, but knew it was all right, as the cere- 
mony had been performed by the chaplain, who wore two 
stripes upon his arm. The corporal who officiated upon the 
occasion was not known to the author, but the young scamp 
of a husband flourished through the war. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 75 



CHAPTER Y. 

Embarkation for the Peninsula— By Steam to the White House — 
" For the Embalming the Dead " — Brief Sketch of the Siege of 
YoRKTOwN — Extracts from "The Lost Cause" — Magruder's 
Report, and Colonel Fremantle — Generals Barnard, Sumner 
AND Keyes; W. H. Hurlbert and Rev. Mb. Minnigerode, on 
Fair Oaks — To Dispatch Station — To the Chickahominy— The 
Third Shelled Out — Courtesy of the Picket Line — A Gallant 
Dash — Battle of Mechanicsville — Insurgents' Account op the 
Battle — Meade's Colored Man. 

ON SUNDAY afternoon, June 8th, orders were received 
for the Reserve to join M'Clellan. Great was the joy 
of the men, and long and loud their cheers, and the bands 
pealed forth their inspiring strains. Three days' rations 
were issued and cooked, and Reynolds' Brigade started at 
sundown. Early the next morning, tents were struck, 
knapsacks packed, and Meade's Brigade got into line. It 
was a cool and pleasant morning, and light was the step of 
the men as they marched through the woods and over the 
hills to the banks of the Rappahannock, down which they 
proceeded to Gray's Landing, where a fleet of steamboats 
lay to receive them. It was nearly sundown before Rey- 
nolds' Brigade was aboard and moved off", and that night the 
Third bivouacked on a hill near the landing. Early the 
next morning, all was astir, and, after breakfast, the regi- 
ment embarked on the Kent and Hugh Jenkins, and steamed 
down the river, as happy a set of blue-coats as ever trod this 
planet. Passing the towns of Port Royal and Tappahan- 
nock, they came to anchor about dark, off" the mouth of 
Carter's creek. The next morning, the 11th, the transports 
weighed anchor at three o'clock, and proceeding down the 
river into the Chesapeake bay, and heading nearly south, 
entered the York river about seven o'clock, passing the 
fortifications and batteries at Yorktown and Gloucester City. 



76 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Continuing on, they« entered the Pamunkey river at its con- 
fluence with the Mattapony, where West Point is situated, 
and winding their way up that crooked stream through 
fleets of transports of all kinds and descriptions, they arrived 
at White House in the middle of the afternoon, where they 
disembarked and stacked arms, giving the boys time to 
wash themselves and replenish their stock of tobacco. 

Soon they fell in and marched about a mile inland, pass- 
ing an establishment with a conspicuous sign — "For the 
Embalming the Dead" — whose proprietors' faces brightened 
up at the sight of their anticipated customers. The boys 
received their handbills with much interest, and made par- 
ticular inquiries as to the modus operayidi, some proposing to 
go through the operation at once, if it would not interfere 
with their eating hard-tack, and others simply giving their 
orders with instructions not to spoil their countenances. 

Let us briefly allude to the operations of the Army of the 
Potomac on the Peninsula up to this time. On the 2d of 
April, 1862, General M'Clellan arrived at Fortress Monroe, 
the greater portion of his army* having preceded him. On 
the 5th of April, he commenced the siege of Yorktown, and 
intended to assault it on the 6th of May, but, on the 4th, 
discovered the enemy had abandoned the works during the 
night, t 

*The official return of General M'Clellan, made April 30th, gives the strength of 
his army as : aggregate, 130,378; fit for duty, 112,392. 

■f Pollard says : 

"General Magruder, the hero of Bethel, and a commander who was capable of 
much greater achieyements, was left to confront the growing forces on the Peninsula, 
which daily menaced him, with an army of 7,500 men, while the great bulk of the 
Confederate forces was still in motion in the ne.ighborhood of the Rappahannock and 
the Rapidan, and he had no assurance of re-enforcements. The force of the enemy 
was ten times his own ; they had commenced a daily cannonading upon his lines ; and 
a council of general officers was convened, to consider whether the little army of 7,500 
men should maintain its position in the face of ten-fold odds, or retire before the 
enemy. The opinion of the council was unanimous for the latter alternative, with 
the exception of one officer, who declared that every man should die in the intrench- 
ments before the little army should fall back— ' By G— , it shall be so!' was the 
sudden exclamation of General Magruder, in sympathy with the gallant suggestion. 
The resolution demonstrated a remarkable heroism and spirit. Our little force was 
adroitly extended over a distance of several miles, reaching from Mulberry Island to 
Gloucester Point, a regiment being posted here and there in every gap, plainly open 



THE THIRD llESERVE. 77 

The pursuit of the enemy was prompt and energetic, and 
the battle of Williamsburg was fought and won. The 
divisions of Franklin, Richardson and Porter were trans- 
ported up the York river, and on the 7th the enemy were 
defeated at West Point. On the 17th, a fleet of gun-boats 
had ascended the James to Drewry's Bluif. The battle of 
Hanover' Court House was fought on the 27th, and the 
enemy defeated. On the 31st of May and the 1st of June, 
the battle of Fair Oaks* was won. 

On the night of the Reserves' landing at White House, 
two days' rations were cooked, and the next morning, the 
13th, the Third moved out under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomp- 
son, and the brigade under the command of Colonel Sickel. 
They marched on the railroad; the country through which 
they passed was mostly low, heavily wooded, and inter- 
spersed with numerous swamps. In the cuts of the railroad 
there were seen considerable deposits of marine shells and 
coral, indicating, at some remote period, this portion of the 
Peninsula had been the bed of the ocean. Coral was par- 
ticularly noticeable on the surface at the field of CMendale. 
The day was excessively warm, and many of the men light- 
ened their load by throwing away their overcoats and 



to observation, and on other portions of the line the men being posted at long inter- 
vals, to give the appearance of numbers to the enemy. Had the weakness of General 
Magruder at this time been known to the enemy, he might have suffered the conse- 
quences of his devoted and self-sacrificing courage; but as it was, he held his lines 
on the Peninsula until they were re-enforced by the most considerable portion of 
General Johnston's forces, and made the situation of a contest upon which the atten- 
tion of the public was unanimously fixed as the most decisive of the war." 

Colonel Fremantle, of the British Coldstream Guards, in his "Three Months in 
the Southern States," says ; 

"He (Magruder) told me the different dodges he resorted to to blind and deceive 
M'Clellan as to his strength, and he spoke of the intense relief and amusement with 
which he, at length, saw that General, with his magnificent army, begin to break 
ground before mieerble earthworks, defended only by 8,000 men." 

• General J. G. Barnard, chief engineer, and General W. F. Barry, chief of artil- 
lery, in their report of the aampaign say: 

"The repulse of the rebels at Fair Oaks should have been taken advantage of. It 
was one of those occasions which, if not seized, do not repeat themselves. We now 
know the state of disorganization and dismay in which the rebel army retreated. 
We now know that it could have been followed into Richmond. Had it been so, there 
would have been no resistance to overcome to bring over our right wing. Although 
we did not then know all that we now do, it was obvious at that time that, when the 



78 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

blankets. About five o'clock they reached Dispatch Station, 
and moved into the fields, to the right of the road, and 
encamped near the Chickahominy river. That night, news 
came that the enemy's cavalry had attacked a train at Tun- 
stall's Station, and threatened White House. Reynolds' 
Brigade marched down the railroad in pursuit of them. 

Orders were issued forbidding the sounding of calls, and 
ordering the tying to trees of all who fired muskets. 
Through the day, the sound of artillery was heard continu- 
ally. 

At five o'clock on the morning of the 18th, the Reserves 
marched for the extreme right of the line of the army, the 
position assigned to them at the request of General M'Dow- 
ell when we parted from him. About noon, we bivouacked 
near Gaines' house, some three hundred yards from the 
river. This ground had just been vacated by Franklin's 
division, and was separated from the river by a heavy woods, 
from the edge of which we could see the enemy on the 
other side, busy at work. In the afternoon, they opened 
with their artillery on some of our workmen, to which a 
Reserve battery replied. On our side, one man was 
wounded, and a gun dismounted. 

rebels struck the blow at our left wing, they did not leave any means in their hands 
unused to secure success. It was obvious enough that they struck with their whole 
force; and yet we repulsed them in disorder with three-fifths of ours. We should 
have followed them up at the same time that we brought over the other two-fifths." 

General Sumner testified before the commitiee on the conduct of the war: 

" If we had attacked with our whole force, we should have swept everything before 
us; and I think the majority of the officers who were there think so." 

General Keyes testified: 

"After the battle of Seven Pines * * * * if the army had pressed on after the 
enemy with great vigor, we should have gone to Richmond." 

William Henry Hurlbert (rebel) says: 

"The roads into Richmond were literally crowded with stragglers, some throwing 
away their guns, some breaking them on the trees— all with the same story, that their 
regiment had been 'cut to pieces,' that the ' Yanks were swarming the Chickahominy 
like bees, and fighting like devils.' In two days of the succeeding week the provost 
marshal's guards collected between 4,000 and 5,000 stragglers, and sent them into camp." 

The Rev. Mr. Minnigerode, Rector of St. Paul's Church, Richmond, in regard to 
Fair Oaks, says : 

" Fears were entertained in Richmond, by the citizens, that M'Clellan would get 
in. Large numbers left the place; some ran oflF and left their houses vacant, while 
others sold out at a great sacrifice." 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 79 

The next day, Reynolds' and Seymour's* brigades moved 
about a mile and a half to the right, near Nunally's and 
Ellison's mills, on the roads leading to Mechanicsville over 
Beaver Dam creek. Eight companies of the Third were 
detailed for picket, near the banks of the Chickahominy, on 
W. B. Sydney's farm. On the 20th, the enemy taking a 
fancy to the Third's encampment, shelled it out, tearing a 
number of tents and splintering the trees, but doing no 
other damage. After they got through, the camp was 
moved a half mile to the rear, where it was beyond the 
polite attention of their misguided brethern aross the river. 
It was evident some of the Confederate officers opposite to 
us were gentlemen, for one morning when our field officer 
of the picket line, Lieutenant-Colonel M'Intire, of the First, 
was visiting the posts, he found the enemy relieving their 
guard on the breastworks, and upon their perceiving him, 
they presented arms, which compliment he returned. 

On the 22d, orders were issued for the Reserves to form 
line of battle every morning at three o'clock, to stack arms 
at sunrise, and remain in camp, with accoutrements on, 
ready for any sudden emergency. There being an alarm on 
the picket line during the night of the 23d, Lieutenant 
Stetson and nine men were sent at daylight to ascertain the 
cause. Some men are always full of enterprise, and ready 
to engage in dare-devil exploits, and Sergeant Edward L. 
Lennon, Corporal James E. Masters and Private El wood 
Trimer, Company C, being of that stamp, crossed the 
Chickahominy and attacked the enemy's picket line, killing 
one man and creating considerable commotion among them. 
They succeeded in getting back safely, but had a lively time 
of it while in the river, the balls splashing around them in 
every direction. 

Affairs were now approaching a crisis in front of Rich- 
mond. General M'Clellan, on the 20th of June, five days 



* General Ord having been promoted a Major-General in May, and ordered to the 
West, he w&3 succeeded by Brigadier-General Truman Seymour. 



80 THE THIRD RESERVE, 

before the opening of the Seven Days' battle, reported his 
array to number : present for duty, 115,102 ; special duty, 
sick and in arrest, 12,225; absent, 29,511; total, 156,838. 
On the 26th of June, his chief of the " Secret Service 
Corps," reports the enemy to number 180,000 present for 
duty. Their official reports since published, establishes the 
fact that they numbered but 70,000 men fit for duty. 

General M'Clellan having at last completed his bridges 
and entrenchments, on the 25th ordered an advance of our 
picket line on the left, preparatory to a general movement 
on the city the next day. General Hooker's division of 
Heintzelraan's Corps was pushed forward, which resulted in 
the battle of " Oak Grove." 

General Robert E. Lee, who had assumed the command 
of the insurgent army upon General Joseph E. Johnston 
being wounded at Fair Oaks, also resolved at the same time 
upon assuming the offensive, and with this view, had rapidly 
and secretly moved Jackson from the valley in front of Banks 
to Ashland, facing our extreme right. The whole of the 
insurgent army was to connect with him, and advance upon 
our right, with the exception of Huger's and Magruder's* 
divisions, left in front of our left and center, for the defence 
of Richm\ond. This plan of battle, of striking an army on 
one flank and doubling it up upon itself, was identically the 
same as that adopted by General M'Dowell at the first Bull 
Run. 

The force of the enemy on our right wing was not less 
than 50,000 men, and to oppose this was Fitz John Porter's 
Fifth Corps of but 27,000, to which the Reserves v/ere 
attached. 

The Battle of Mechanicsville, June 26th, 1862. 

As early as the 24th, General M'Clellan began to suspect 
this movement, and on the morning of the 26th, all the 

*Major-Generttl J. Bankhead Magruder. When a Lieutenant-Colonel United States 
Artillery, he called upon the President and said : " Mr. Lincoln, every one else may 
desert you, but I never will." Two days afterwards he joined the rebels. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 81 

wagons of the Reserve except the amniunitioti were ordered 
to he sent to his headquarters. On that day the Fifth 
Reserve, Colonel Simmons, and the six companies of the 
Bucktails under Major Roy Stone,* were on picket from 
Mechanicsville to above Meadow Bridge. At noon the 
Second, Colonel M'Candless,t marched past Mechanicsville 
to Shady Grove Church, where they met the Eighth Illi- 
nois Cavalry, Colonel Farnsworth,| who were being driven 
in by General Branch's! advance. M'Candless, throwing 
out skirmishers and deploying his regiment to delay their 
advance, gradually fell back. The Bucktails on the left 
also retired, but Captain Irvin's|| company, which was 
posted on the Greushaw road, was cut off and captured. 
The Third, Colonel Sickel, left camp at one o'clock with 
muskets and cartridge-boxes, and moved to Mechanicsville, 
where a line of battle was formed, but soon afterwards all 
withdrew to Beaver Dam creek, where it was determined 
to give battle. 

This position was naturally a strong one, the left resting 
on the Chickahominy, and the right extending to a dense 
woods beyond the upper road, which were occupied. The 
passage of the creek was difficult through the greater part 
of the front, and with the exception of the roads crossing at 
Ellison's Mill, near the left, and that near the right, above 
mentioned, impracticable for artillery. On the right of the 
last-named road, on an elevation, an epaulement for four field- 
pieces was thrown up, and rifle-pits for a regiment each 
were constructed in front of each brigade on the left of the 
road. 



*To Colonel Oae Hundred and Forty ninth Pennsylvania Volunteera. Appointed 
Brevet Brigadier-General September 7th, 1864. 

t Appointed Brigadier-General. A prominent lawyer of Philadelphia; State Senator 
aad Secretary of the Interior of Pennsylvania, 1875. 

J Colonel E. J. Farnsworth. Appointed Brigadier-General. 

g General L. O'B. Branch, of North Carolina. Killed at Antietam. 

II Captain Edwin A. Irvin. Promoted Lieutenant-Colonel. Disabled at Fredericks- 
burg December 13th, 1862. 

6 



82 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

The line of battle was formed in the following order: On 
the extreme right were six companies of the Second Regi- 
ment, Lieutenant Colonel M'Caudless; then the six com- 
panies of the Bucktails, Major Stone; the Fifth Regiment, 
Colonel Simmons; the First Regiment, Colonel Roberts; 
and the Eighth Regiment, Colonel Hayes ; composing Rey- 
nolds' Brigade. Then the Tenth Regiment, Colonel Kirk; 
the Ninth Regiment, Colonel Jackson; and the Twelfth 
Regiment, Colonel Taggart; which occupied the extreme 
left, and belonged to Seymour's Brigade. Meade's Brigade 
in reserve, Consisted of the Third Regiment, Colonel Sickel; 
the Fourth Regiment, Colonel Magilton; and the Seventh 
Regiment, Colonel Harvey. Easton's battery of four twelve- 
pounder Napoleon guns, and Kerns' battery of six twelve- 
pounder howitzers, were also held in reserve. Four of 
Cooper's battery of ten-pound Parrot guns, were placed in 
the epaulement, and two outside of it, near the Bucktails. 
Smead's regular battery of four twelve-pounder Napoleons, 
was placed on the left of the road commanding it, De 
Hart's regular battery of six twelve-pounder Napoleons, 
was stationed near the front and center, commanding a more 
distant view of the same road, and also the lower road direct 
to the village by Ellison's Mills. The Fourth Pennsylvania 
Cavalry, Colonel Childs,* attached to the Reserves, were 
held in readiness, but were not called into action. It should 
be mentioned that the Sixth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel 
M'Kean, having been detached some days before, was at 
Tunstall's Station, on the railroad, while the Eleventh Regi- 
ment, Colonel Gallagher, was on picket on the Chicka- 
hominy. 

About three o'clock in the afternoon the insurgents' lines 
were formed in our front, and their skirmishers were rapidly 
advanced, delivering their fire as they came forward. They 
were speedily driven back by the infantry and artillery. In 

* Colonel James H. Childs, of Allegheny county. Killed at Antietam. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 83 

a short time the enemy, who were commanded by General 
Lee in person, consisting of the divisions of A. P. Hill,* 
D. H. Hill and Long8treet,t under cover of a heavy artillery 
fire, boldly and rapidly advanced in force, and attacked the 
whole position from right to left, in the face of a destructive 
fire they could not eflfectively return. It was not long, how- 
ever, before it was apparent that his main attack was 
directed upon the extreme right, and General M'Call ordered 
the Third, Colonel Sickel, that had been stationed near the 
left center, and Kerns'J battery of howitzers thither to the 
support of the Second, who were hotly engaged. On this 
point was concentrated a heavy fire of artillery, and reg- 
iment after regiment of Georgians were hurled headlong 
against the Second, whose left wing was repeatedly bent 
back by them, but never broken. For three hours the most 
desperate contest was maintained, when at last the Second 
swung its left to the rear, to give play to Kerns' guns, which 
opened a most destructive fire of shell upon the broken and 
confused masses of the enemy, on the opposite side of the 
swamp. 

After this, the enemy retired for a time from the close 
contest on the right, but, from the right center to the 
extreme left, kept up a heavy discharge of artillery and 
musketry, which was rapidly replied to by the Reserves. 
Somewhat later in the day, a heavy column came down the 
road to Ellison's Mill, where another most determined 
attack was made. Here, for hours, the battle was hotly 
contested, the Twelfth, Colonel Taggart, maintaining their 
position with desperate determination. General M'Call, 
fearing the enemy would turn the extreme left, sent the 
Seventh, Colonel Harvey, below the Mill, to hold the creek, 
and dispatched Easton's battery to Taggart's assistance. 
The fire of the artillery and infantry was incessantly dealing 



* Killed at Petersburg, Va., April 2d, 1865. 

t Since Collector of the Port of New Orleans. 

I Captain Mark Kerns, of Franklin county. Killed at second battle of Bull Run. 



84 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

destruction to the determined enemy, who, from their greatly 
superior numbers, were enabled to precipitate column after 
column of fresh troops upon our hard-pressed left and center. 

Although the attack was not renewed on the center and 
right in force, there was a sharp contest going on there all 
the while, particularly at a ford on the extreme right, where 
Major Woodward, with two companies of the Second, was 
stationed, and took fifteen prisoners. 

About dark. Griffin's Brigade, together with Edwards' bat- 
tery arrived, and were sent to the weakest point, the extreme 
right, but only one regiment, the Fourth Michigan, Colonel 
Woodberry, was brought into action, they relieving the Fifth 
Regiment, who had completely exhausted their ammunition. 
About nine o'clock at night, after a battle of six hours, the 
enemy withdrew, and the contest ceased. 

General M'Call's greatest anxiety was for our right, and 
there is no doubt, if Lee had detached a portion of his 
vastly superior force to turn it, or had Jackson arrived in 
time, we would have been swept from the field with fearful 
slaughter. The attack should have commenced earlier in 
the day. Near the close of the battle, fresh re-enforce- 
ments came to our relief, but the officers and men refused 
to give place, and, replenishing their ammunition, lay down 
upon their arms. All night long was heard the most pity- 
ing moans of the enemy's wounded, that lay in the swamp 
and woods beyond. 

The strength of the Reserve upon the field was about 
7,000. Their loss was but thirty-three killed and one hun- 
dred and fifty wounded.* The strength of the enemy was 
admitted to be 20,000, and General M'Call says : " I learned 
from official authority, while a prisoner in Richmond, that 
General Lee's loss in killed and wounded at Mechanicsville 
did not fall short of 2,000." In official returns published, 
it was admitted that the First North Carolina lost one-half 

*For the loss in tihe Third, see Appendix A. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 85 

its efiective force, and the Forty-fourth Georgia nearly two- 
thirds. 

Generals M'Clellan and Fitz John Porter arrived upon the 
field at ten o'clock at night, and, learning of Jackson's 
advance to turn our right, at three o'clock the next 
morning sent orders to General M'Call to withdraw the 
Reserves and fall back to the rear of Gaines' Mills. During 
the consultation. General Porter hesitated, and expressed 
fears that M'Call would be cut to pieces in withdrawing. 

Before the movement was commenced, the enemy renewed 
the attack, mostly on the left. Under these circumstances, 
and in broad daylight, the execution was most delicate and 
difficult, yet it was successfully accomplished, great caution 
and deliberation being used to screen the movement, and 
the troops being withdrawn slowly and at intervals. Meade's 
Brig-ade and batteries were the first to move; then came 
Griffin's Brigade and battery ; next, Reynolds', under cover 
of the Bucktails and Cooper's guns; and last, Seymour's, 
from the extreme left; the Twelfth, Colonel Taggart, being 
the last to leave the field. All this was done under fire, 
and so well and deliberately that the regiments filed past 
General M'Call as steadily as if from the parade ground. 
Not a man, gun, or musket was left upon the field, and our 
dead were all buried. 

Mr. Pollard, in " The Lost Cause," pages 284-5, speaks 
of this battle as two separate engagements, the "Battles of 
Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam." After stating that 
Mechanicsville was strongly fortified, he says: "A deafen- 
ing cannonade of half an hour disturbed the last hours of 
evening. The flash of guns and long lines of musketry 
fire could be seen in bright relief against the blue and 
cloudless sky. As night drew on, a grander scene was pre- 
sented to the eye. Barns, houses and stacks of hay and 
straw were in a blaze; and by their light our men were 
plainly visible, rushing across the open space through 
infernal showers of grape. A few moments more, and the 



gg THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Federal guns were silenced; a loud noise of many voices 
was heard; and then a long, wild, piercing yell, and the 
place was ours. 

"The enemy was now forced to take refuge in his works, 
on the left bank of Beaver Dam creek, about a mile dis- 
tant." * * * 

After this statement, not one word of which is true, as 
there was not a shot fired at Mechanicsville that day, he 
passes over the real battle as an insignificant afiair, and then 
describes a "terrible and critical action" as taking place the 
next morning, the 27th, in which Jackson flanked us, and 
we retired rapidly down the river. As Mr. Pollard was the 
editor of the Richmond Examiner during the war, and prob- 
ably visited the field soon after the battle, it would be sup- 
posed he would have been more correctly informed as to the 
location of the conflict and the facts of it. 

We fell back slowly and in good order, but in anything 
but a good humor, the boys not having sufficient military 
acuteness to appreciate the difference between a "change of 
base" and a retreat. General Meade's colored man, how- 
ever, who was looked upon, not only as a profound scholar, 
but high authority on all subjects of military strategy, 
clearly elucidated the matter to them: "A retreat am de 
going whar one dunt wanto by force of de fisical 'bility of 
de rebels, and a change of base, am de going to de same 
place by de moral swason of de instinct." 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 87 



CHAPTER VI. 

The Retreat Commenced — Battle op Gaines' Mills — Strength of 
THE Armies — Desperate Fighting — Capture of the Eleventh 
Reserves and the Fourth N. J. — Re-enforcements Called for — 
Form for the Last Struggle — Succor Arrives — The Enemy at 
Bat — The Field Hospital — General Reynolds Captured — The 
French Princes — An Insurgent's Account op the Reserves — 
The Loss op the Armies and the Reserves — M'Clellan's Report 

— Magruder's Report — Crossing the Chickahominy — Trent's 
Hill — M'Clellan and Lee Deceived — The Retreat Continued 

— Night March — Savage Station — The Wounded — Movements 
op the Armies — Battles of Allen's Farm and Savage Station — 
Stragglers and Camp Followers — A Night on Picket. 

ABOUT ten o'clock that morning we arrived at Gaines' 
Mills, and were lain down in a field. Already orders 
had been issued to evacuate White House, and to destroy 
all stores and munitions that could not be removed, and the 
" change of base " from the Pamunkey to the James river 
was commenced. The troops of General Fitz John Porter, 
on the left bank of the Chickahominy, were drawn into 
position around the bridge-heads, and all the heavy guns, 
wasfons and stores were removed to the Richmond side of 
the river. 

The Battle of Gaines' Mills, June 27th, 1862. 

Our position was a strong one, on ground rising gradually 
from the ravine of a small stream, screened in part by trees 
and underbrush. The line of battle was about an arc of a 
circle, formed on the interior edge of the woods bounding a 
plain of clear land, stretching some 1,200 or 1,500 yards 
back from the river. Morrell's division held the left of the 
line, in a strip of woods on the left bank of the stream, rest- 
ing its left flank on the descent to the Chickahominy, which 
was swept by our artillery on both sides of the river, and 



88 THE THIRD RESERVE, 

extended into open ground on the right, where it joined 
Sjkes' division, which, partly in woods and partly in open 
ground, extended in the rear of New Coal Harbor.* Each 
brigade had in reserve two of its regiments. 

The Reserves formed the second line of battle ; and it was 
Porter's intention not to put them into the heavy fighting if 
he could avoid it, as they had been engaged until late the 
previous night, and suffered from want of sleep, and had 
been under fire in the morning. Meade's Brigade was 
posted on the left, near the river; Reynolds on the right, 
covering the approaches from Coal Harbor and Despatch 
Station to Sumner's Bridge ; and Seymour's in reserve to 
the second line. The Reserve's artillery occupied the space 
between the lines, and the cavalry of the division, the Fourth 
Pennsylvania, was placed under cover of a slope in the rear. 
General P. St. George Cooke,t with part of the First and 
Fifth United States and the Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 
was posted in the rear, to aid in watching that direction. 

The troops were all in position by noon, with the artillery 
on the commanding ground and in the intervals between 
the divisions and brigades. About two o'clock, A. P. Hill 
commenced the attack on our right, followed by Long- 
street on our left. In the meantime, Jackson, D. H. Hill 
and Ewell brought their troops into action, and Lee, under 
a terrific fire of artillery and infantry, ordered a charge 
upon the whole line. At this time the enemy numbered 
50,000 men, and Porter but 27,000. Upon several points of 
the line they advanced with their infantry six and eight 
lines deep, the first delivering their fire and lying down, 
were followed by the others in rapid succession, producing 
a storm of lead against which it seemed impossible any 
troops could stand. The sound of this fire resembled one 
long, loud explosion of artillery, lasting for several minutes, 
without any perceptible break or variation, and many, for 

* New Cool Arbor. — V. S. Engineer's map, 1S65. 

t His son, a General in the rebel army, was wounded at Centreville, Va., Oct., Ih6l. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 89 

some time, were uuable to comprehend what produced it. 
The Reserves, forming the second line, were ordered to close 
upon the first, some of the regiments going into the line at 
once, and filUng up the gaps, while others, lying down 
immediately in the rear, were ready to spring upon their 
feet at an instant. In the meantime all the batteries of the 
Reserves were vomiting forth their fire, and the enemy 
were pounding against our infantry. The Fourth Michigan 
having suffered terribly, Sickels moved the Third into their 
position — they shifting to the left — and at once engaged the 
enemy, and for two hours continued the combat, he having 
his horse killed under him. The battle at this point was 
most severe, the enemy, in succesive ranks, pouring in their 
deafening roars of musketry, and charging with desperate 
fury. But the steady and low fire of the Third was doing 
more execution, and hurled them back repeatedly. The 
muskets of the Third were now becoming so heated and 
choked with powder as to render many of them unservice- 
able, and their tire perceptibly diminished. At last, the 
Eleventh Reserves, and Fourth New Jersey, Colonel James 
H. Simpson, Major U. S. A., came to their relief, and, 
under the terrible tire, took their place, but even their united 
strength could not withstand the crushing assaults. Envel- 
oped in the smoke, they were finally borne down and cap- 
tured. Upon the Third coming out, they were met by Gen- 
eral Meade, who most heartily congratulated them upon 
their " cool valor," and ordered them to the support of a 
Rhode Island battery. 

The din of battle was still rolling on, and the assaults of 
the enemy continued with unabated fury. Porter continu- 
ally asked for relief, but M'Clellan, on the other side of the 
river with his 60,000 good and true men, was deceived by 
the vigorous fusillade of Magruder's and Huger's 25,000. 
Near four o'clock, Slocum's division came to our aid, raising 
our force to 35,000 men. They, like the Reserves, were 
mostly broken up and sent in by regiments along the line, 



90 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

whereever the pressure was most severe. For hours the battle 
raged on, charge after charge being repulsed along the line, 
to be immedialely renewed by fresh troops, led on with 
desperate courage, until near sunset, when they, massing 
their forces on our right and left, charged the whole line 
with reckless valor, and drove us back in good order, but 
with mutual carnage. At this time, General Cooke, in com- 
mand of our cavalry, without orders, charged the enemy's 
infantry on our left, but was instantly repulsed, and his 
horses, becoming unmanageable, rushed upon our batteries, 
leading the gunners to suppose they were charged upon by 
the enemy. Several of the guns were thus deserted and lost. 
Every officer and man upon the field knew our position 
was a most desperate one, that retreat over a few narrow 
bridges was impossible, that we must maintain our position 
or be driven into the Chickahominy with frightful slaughter; 
therefore, the struggle became one of life or glorious death 
for the army. A second line of battle was formed, steady 
and solid as the rocks of the mountains. The guns were 
placed in position, and resolute and silent, without a tremble 
in the heart, stood the men, ready to receive the shock of 
the last desperate struggle. At this moment, the rays of 
the setting sun lit up the west behind the enemy, who 
halted to dress their lines upon the crest of the hill. Loud 
cheers were heard in the distance, and French's and 
Meagher's brigades dashed upon the field and deployed on 
our center front. Then arose the defiant cheers of the 
whole army. The enemy perceiving that succor had at last 
reached us, and not knowing the meagreness of it, halted 
and lay down upon their arms for the night. About eight 
o'clock the battle ceased, and we were moved some distance 
towards the rear, near a field hospital, where the wounded 
were being continually brought in for surgical treatment, 
after which they were lain upon the grass, a blanket thrown 
over them, and a canteen of water put by their side, where 
some slept and others died. The poor fellows displayed 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 91 

great fortitude, and though many of them were horribly 
mangled and suffered intense pain, only suppressed murmurs 
escaped their lips. All of the Third were collected and 
lain together, and were cared for by their comrades until 
the regiment moved. While the surgeons were at work by 
the flickering light of candles, the insurgents opened fire 
upon them with shell, but they continued, hiding the lights 
as best they could with their caps and bodies. At the time 
the Eleventh lieserve and the Fourth New Jersey were cap- 
tured, General Reynolds, his Assistant Adjutant-General, 
Captain Charles Kingsberry, and his orderly, were cut off 
also. They concealed themselves in the woods during the 
night, bat early the next morning, while endeavoring to 
make their escape, were capture 1 by a rebel patrolling party. 
The command of the Second Brigade, therefore, devolved 
upon Colonel Seneca G. Simmons, of the Fifth Reserve. 
Among those present upon the field, and who appeared to 
know not what fear was, were the French Princes, the 
Comte de Paris and the Due de Chartres, officially known 
in our army as Captain Louis Philippe and Captain Robert 
E. Orleans, U. S. Volunteer Aids-de-camp to General 
M'Clellan. 

An officer of the Confederate army thus describes the 
battle. It was the Reserves, however, and not Meagher's 
troops, that he alludes to, as Meagher did not arrive upon 
the field until sunset : 

" The attack was opened by the columns of Hill (First), 
Anderson,* and Pickett. These gallant masses rushed for- 
ward, with thundering hurrahs, upon the musketry of the 
foe, as though it were joy to them. Whole ranks went 
down under that terrible hail, but nothing could restrain 
their courage. The billows of battle raged fiercely onward; 
the struggle was man to man, eye to eye, bayonet to bay- 
onet. The hostile Meagher's Brigade" (Reserves), "com- 
posed chiefly of Irishmen, offered heroic resistance. After 



Brigadier-General G. B. Anderson. Killed at Antietam. 



92 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

a fierce struggle, our people began to give way, and at 
length all orders and encouragements were vain ; they were 
falling back in the greatest disorder. Infuriated, foaming 
at the mouth, bare-headed, sabre in hand, at this critical 
moment General Cobb* appeared upon the field, at the head 
of his legion, and with him the Nineteenth North Carolina 
and the Fourteenth Virginia regiments. At once these 
troops renewed the attack, but all their devotion and self- 
sacrifice were in vain. The Irish" (Reserves) "held their 
position with a determination and ferocity that called forth 
the admiration of our own officers. Broken to pieces, and 
disorganized, the fragments of that fine legion came rolling 
back from the charge. The Nineteenth North Carolina lost 
eight standard-bearers, and most of their staff'-officers were 
either killed or wounded. Again, Generals Hill (First) and 
Anderson led their troops to the attack, and some regiments 
covered themselves with immortal glory. Our troops exhib- 
ited a contempt of death that made them the equals of old, 
experienced veterans; for, notwithstanding the bloody har- 
vest the destroyer reaped in our ranks that day, no disorder, 
no timid bearing revealed that many of the regiments were 
under fire and smelt gun-powder then for the first time. 
But the enemy, nevertheless, quietly and coolly held out 
against every attack we made, one after the other. Not- 
withstanding the fact that solitary brigades had to stand 
their ground from four until eight o'clock P.M., they per- 
formed feats of incredible valor; and it was only when the 
news came that Jackson was upon them in the rear that, 
about eight, they retired before our advance. Despite the 
dreadful carnage in their ranks, they marched on, with 
streaming banners and rolling drums, and carried with them 
all their wounded and all their baggage; and when the cav- 
alry regiments of Davis and Wickham went in pursuit, 
repelled their assault also with perfect coolness. 

* Brigadier-General T. R. R. Cobb, of Georgia, brother of Howell Cobb. Killed at 
Fredericksburg, Va. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 93 

" By this time night had come on and overspread the 
field of death with darkness, compassionately shutttiug out 
from the eyes of the living the horrid spectacle of slaughter. 
Quiet gradually returned ; only a feeble cannonade could 
be heard upon our furthest left, and that, too, little by little, 
died away. The soldiers were so fearfully exhausted by 
the day's struggle that many of them sank down fron) 
their places in the ranks upon the ground. Although I, 
too, could scarcely keep in the saddle, so great was my 
fatigue, I hastened, with one of ray aids, to that quarter of 
the field where the struggle had raged the most fiercely. 
The scene of ruin was horrible ; whole ranks of the enemy 
lay prone where they had stood at the beginning of the bat- 
tle. The number of wounded was fearful, too, and the 
groans and imploring cries for help that rose on all sides 
had, in the obscurity of the night, a ghastly eft'ect, that froze 
the blood in one's veins. Although I had been upon so 
many battle-fields in Italy and Hungary, never had my 
vision beheld such a spectacle of human destruction." 

Our loss in this battle, though not specifically reported, 
probably was not far from 4,500. Greeley, in his "Ameri- 
can Conflict," places it at 8,000, but in this he is evidently 
mistaken.* Among the wounded of the Third was Captain 
Geo. C. Davenport.f The loss in the Reserves was 1,217 
killed, wounded and missing. Nineteen guns were also lost 
upon the field. The loss of the enemy w-as never officially 
reported, but probably was not as heavy as our own. The 
wearied and exhausted men, who had fought for two days, 
and many of them without a mouthful to eat, threw them- 



* General M'Clellan, in his official returns of the killed, wounded and missing of 
the Seven Days' Battle, gives M'Call's loss as 3,074, Porter's as 4,278, making a total of 
7,352. The Reserves lost 183 at Mechanicsville, and 1,674 at Glendale, a total of 1,857. 
This, deducted from the 7,352, leaves 5,495. Porter lost very heavily at Malvern Hill 
and, putting it at 1,500, certainly a very low estimate, 3,995 remains for the loss of the 
Reserves and Fifth Corps at Gaines' Mill, to which add 500 for Slocum's loss, thus 
making the total 4,495. The Reserves numbered one-fifth of the troops present, and ■ 
their loss was very far the heaviest of any division engaged. 

t For the loss in the Third, see Appendix A. 



94 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

selves upon the ground, and sank to sleep with their cart- 
ridge-boxes strapped upon them and their muskets in their 
hands. But their slumbers were of short duration, as soon 
orders came to wake them up and get into line without 
noise. It was hard work to arouse the sleepy boys, it being 
necessary to roll some of them over, shake them, pound 
them, and even to lift them upon their feet. Having got 
the men in line, the Reserves waited here until near morn- 
ing, to cover the withdrawal of the army from the left bank 
of the Chickahominy, and then crossing the bridge opposite 
Trent's Hill about seven o'clock, they blew it up, and mov- 
ing on about a mile and a half, halted and lay on the hill 
during the day. 

While the battle of Gaines' Mill was progressing, the 
enemy were not idle on the Richmond side of the Chicka- 
hominy, where, with 25,000 men, they were keeping up a 
succession of imposing but hollow feints and alarms, impress- 
ing M'Clellan that a vastly superior force to his own menaced 
him on that wing of his army.* General Lee supposing, 
from the stubborn resistance he received on the left, and the 
absence of any serious demonstration on the right bank of 
the river, that M'Clellan was retreating on his base at York 
river, immediately pushed General Stuart's cavalry and 
E well's infantry in that direction, they occupying White 
House early on the 29th, which had been abandoned by our 

* General Magruder, in his official report of his participation in the Seven Days' 
Battle, says : 

" From the time at which the enemy withdrew his forces to this side of the Chick- 
ahominy, and destroyed the bridges, to the moment of his evacuation— that is, from 
Friday night (27th) until Sunday morning — I considered the situation of our army as 
extremly critical and perilous. The larger portion of it was on the opposite side of 
the Chickahominy; the bridges had all been destroyed, but one was rebuilt — the New 
Bridge — which was commanded fully by the enemy's guns from Golding's ; and there 
were but 25,000 men between his army of 100,000 and Richmond. 

"Had M'Clellan massed his whole force in column, and advanced it against any 
point of our line of battle, as was done at Austerlitz, under similar circumstances, 
by the greatest Captain of any age, though the head of his column would have suf- 
fered greatly, its momentum would have insured him success, and the occupation of 
our works about Richmond, and, consequently, the city, might have been his reward. 
His failure to do so is the best evidence that our wise commander fully understood 
the character of his opponent." 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 95 

troops, who, not being able to remove all the munitions and 
provisions, destroyed a vast amount. In the meanwhile the 
enemy had concentrated our army in a strong position, 
between the Chickahominy on one side and its extensive 
works fronting Richmond on the other, and, having destroyed 
the communication with our base, the march for the James 
river was commenced. General Keyes' Corps was ordered 
to move at once across White Oak Swamp and seize and 
hold the debouches of the roads on the James river side, 
and the rest of the army followed with as little delay as 
possible. 

During the day, rations were received and issued, the men 
being greatly in need of them, as some had been forty-eight 
hours without food. But they were without haversacks to 
put them in, as they had marched to the field of Mechanics- 
ville with muskets and cartridge-boxes only: and General 
M'Call subsequently ordered their camp to be burnt.* How- 
ever, as soldiers are never at a loss for ways and means, they 
substituted the extremities of their shirts, which answered 
most admirably. We remained on an open field, under a 
broiling sun, during the 28th, which really afforded but lit- 
tle rest. About ten o'clock that night, we got into line, and 
stood in the rain until about one, when we moved off" towards 
the James river. With the Reserves was Hunt's reserve 
artillery, consisting of thirteen batteries, which, with our 
own, and our trains, extended the column many miles, and 
as our fianks were exposed to attack, Seymour's Brigade 
was placed, by regiments, between the batteries. Our move- 
ment, owing to narrow and bad roads, was necessarily slow, 
and in the darkness of the night we toiled through the 
woods and swamps, unable to see but a few feet on either 
side. While thus moving, one of the wagon-guard of the 
Fourth, stepped into the woods a little way, and his musket 
being accidentally discharged, he was mistaken for a foe, 

* All the division wagons had been sent, by order of General Porter, to M'Clellan's 
headquarters, early on the 26th. 



96 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

and a number of shots fired at hira. This, frightening some 
of the teams, they dashed in among us, which, with the 
unexplained firing, for a time created considerable excite- 
ment, during which a soldier of the Second had his leg 
broken. About day-break, on Sunday morning, we reached 
General M'Clellan's headquarters, at Savage Station, on the 
York River and Richmond railroad, where we found the 
greatest confusion and disorder prevailing. Hundreds of 
wagons and ambulances covered the fields, in every direc- 
tion. Nearly three thousand wounded and sick soldiers were 
lying in the tents, houses and woods. Here they found the 
wounded of the Third, and moved them together, and did 
all they could for them, filling their canteens, and giving 
them money. These may seem but little acts of kindness, 
but to the wounded soldier, who has lain upon the field for 
days, helpless, weak and famishing, the little canteen of 
water is more highly prized than any earthly gift. The 
money they received they were ruthlessly plundered of, and 
their canteens and blankets were taken from them by the 
heartless oflicials at Richmond, but the warm words of kind- 
ness spoken by their comrades long remained to cheer 
them. 

For such as could hobble off, they provided crutches and 
canes.* They were all cheerful, and bore their sufferings 
with composure until later in the day, when they found they 
were to be left to fall into the hands of the enemy. Happy 



*" I think I have never seen examples of greater endurance than exhibited upon 
the part of the wounded in this retreat. Saturday they were lying all day at the hos- 
pital, with little or no attention. The weather was exceedingly warm. Sunday they 
marched all day through a sweltering sun, resting perhaps two hours in the middle of 
the day. The garments of many of them were stiff with blood. They had no nourish- 
ing food. Their wounds had simply been bound up, without further attention, and 
they were already much annoyed with worms. * * * gtm there was not a murmur. 
All endured cheerfully. Toward evening the wounded men passed through a field 
in which were a number of sheep, when Sergeant Hollister, notwithstanding his arm 
was so shattered as afterwards to require amputation, took his revolver, and, in com- 
pany with others, after a hard chase, succeeded in bringing one of them down. 
Having detailed one of my men to help them along, he made them a good kettle of 
mutton broth, of which they all partook, and were much invigorated."— JSxJract/row 
Colonel Ayers' (Tenth Regiment. P. R. V. C.) Account. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 97 

were those who, beiug seriously wounded, died before they 
reached the insurgent hospitals, where amputations were 
performed for slight wounds, or the poor sufferers left to 
die of neglect, filth and abuse. 

Here, also, were vast quantities of commissary and 
quartermaster's stores and ammunition. The latter were 
loaded into a train of cars, and, with a locomotive, run into 
the Chickahorainy — a fuse being attached and so well-timed 
that at the instant of the plunge the explosion took place. 
The halt here was not long, but moving on from the station, 
we met a large number of prisoners captured during our 
battles, and about noon crossed White Oak creek bridge, 
some distance beyond which we entered a pine woods and 
lay down in line of battle, ready to resist any attack from 
the direction of Richmond. Here we rested for a couple of 
hours, and delivered up the precious charge of General 
Hunt's reserve artillery, it being now considered safe. 

Before proceeding further, we will detail the general 
movements of the hostile armies and the events of the day. 
The essential operation was the passage of our trains and 
the reserve artillery across the swamp, and their protection 
against attack from the direction of Richmond, and the 
establishment of our communication with the gun-boats on 
James river. For this purpose, Sumner and Heintzleman's 
Corps and Smith's division were directed to take up a line 
of advance covering, with their right resting near Savage 
Station, and to hold the same until dark on Sunday the 29th. 
Lee having discovered our line of retreat on the afternoon of 
the 28th, ordered Longstreet and A. P. Hill to recross the 
Chickahominy near Gaines' Mill, and pursue and attack our 
rear; and Jackson to move between us and the Chickahominy 
on our left, while Magruder and Huger were to advance 
from toward Richmond, and strike us on our right flank. 

At Allen's Farm, on the railroad, about nine o'clock in 
the morning, the enemy made a spirited attack on Sumner's 
front, but were gallantly repulsed. 
7 



98 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

About noon General Magruder, on the Williamsburg road 
near Savage Station, came in sight, but, not liking appear- 
ances, sent to Huger for re-enforcements, and at four in the 
afternoon attacked in full force. A stubborn little battle was 
fought, and at nine o'clock in the evening they were forced to 
withdraw. Our troops then, by order, fell back upon White 
Oak Swamp, General French's Brigade forming the rear 
guard, crossing and destroying White Oak Swamp bridge, 
at five A.M. on the 30th. These two engagements were 
the first that any of the troops of the Army of the Potomac, 
that remained on the Richmond side of the river, had been 
in since the commencement of the Seven Days' battle. 

Our division remained in this position, on high, open 
ground, in the hot sun, until five o'clock P.M., when Gen- 
eral M'Call received orders to move to the crossing of the 
Quaker and New Market roads, and take a position to repel 
any attack from Richmond. The object of this movement 
was to cover the Turkey Bridge — Quaker or Willis Church 
road, leading from White Oak Swamp to Malvern Hill, 
along which our trains moved all night. On our march, we 
found the road nearly blocked up with innumerable wagon- 
trains, ambulances and artillery, besides a drove of 2,500 
head of cattle. Many, slightly wounded, were limping along, 
and thousands of stragglers and camp followers swarmed 
around. Through these we wound our way, disheartened 
at the demoralizing sight, retreating as we were from a foe 
to whom our hearts bid defiance. We halted at Nelson's 
farm, the battle-field of the next day, where a skirmish had 
taken place between the cavalry in the morning. General 
M'Call made his headquarters at the farm-house during the 
nio-ht. Leaving Meade's and Seymour's brigades in reserve 
in line of battle, at dark,* Reynolds' (now Simmons') Brigade 
and a battery of artillery moved oft' to the front about a 

* General M'Call, in his official report, states we reached this position about mid- 
night. With all due respect to such hixh authority, the author is satisfied he wa8 
mistaken, as he conversed with Captain Scheetz, of his staff, and the General, upon 
their dismounting at Nelson's house, and the sun was then setting. 



THE THirxD RESERVE. 99 

mile, crossing a small run, and turning to the left through a 
deep woods, where they lay on picket on a by-road. The 
night was intensely dark, and they were unable to see but a 
short distance from them. The men were lain down on the 
edge of the road, with orders for no one to speak or sleep, 
but to be ready to spring into line at an instant's notice. In 
front of them, at the distance of fifty paces, pickets were 
posted. The countersign was — to bare the right arm, and 
raise and lower it twice. 

When all was the stillness of death, a rapid fi.re of mus- 
ketry opened a few hundred yards in our rear, and we were 
unable to tell whether it was an attack of the foe or our 
friends tiring upon one another. We afterwards ascertained 
it was some of Porter's corps, who had got on the wrong 
road, and, countermarching, had mistook their friends. 

About the middle of the night a number of the battery 
horses got loose, and dashed down the rear of the line like 
a charge of cavalry, and several shots were fired into them 
iu rapid succession. One of the horses being wounded, 
kept up a most unearthly moaning through the night, mak- 
ing the most distressing noise possible to imagine ; and the 
farm dogs, far and near, were continually barking, indicat- 
ing the proximity of the foe. In fact, and we strongly sus- 
pected it at the time, we were surrounded on all sides by 
the enemy, who knew our exact position, and had it in their 
power to cut in pieces or capture us, but they wished to bag 
the whole division, and were waiting for the arrival of 
Huger's division in the position assigned to it. Fortunately 
it was delayed on its march, for which the General was 
severely censured by his government. Thus passed this 
night of silent excitement, that did more to unnerve the 
body than the severest shock of battle. 

The Reserves were attached to the Fifth Corps, and Gen- 
eral Porter directed General M'Call on Sunday night to 
bivouac upon the field. During the night Porter, with 
Sykes' and Morrell's divisions of his corps, marched by, and 



100 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

neglected either to notify General M'Call of the movement, 
withdraw his troops, or send him any orders for their dis- 
position. A large portion of the army and its vast trains 
had yet to pass this point, and the enemy were pounding 
away at Franklin, in the rear. M'Call at once saw the 
importance of his holding this position, to save the army from 
being cut in two, though he felt, as every officer and man of 
the Reserves felt, that they had done more fighting and 
marching, and lost more sleep and men, and sufiered more 
for want of food, than any other division in the army. They 
well knew that thousands of troops had not been brought 
into battle during the hard struggle, and were comparatively 
fresh. Yet, as the neglect of their corps commander* had 
left them alone to fight another desperate and hard bat- 
tle against overwhelming odds, they calmly awaited the 
contest. 



* General Fitz John Porter has since explained this, saying, " he no longer con- 
sidered M'CaU's troops as attached to his command." No orders had been issued detach- 
ing them from his corps, and he continued to issue orders to them as long as they 
remained on the Peninsula. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 101 



CHAPTER VII. 

The Battle OF Glendale — Simmons' Desperate Charges — Death of 
Simmons and Biddle — Cooper's and Kerns' Batteries Charged — 
Glorious Charue of the Ninth — Randall's Battery Charged — 
The Last Struggle of the Day — Desperate Conflict — Bravery 
OP Captain Tapper — The Battery Demolished — Meadr Wounded 
— M'Call Wounded and Prisoner, His Staff and Escort Killed 
or Wounded — What M'Call, Lee, Pryor, an Officer of the 
Confederate Army, M'Clellan, Porter, Meade and Beatty Say 
About It — To Malvern Hill. 

Battle of New Market Cross-Roads, or Glendale,* June 

30th, 1862. 

IT BEING the last day of the month, the Reserves were 
mustered in line of battle for pay, and while this was in 
progress the pickets commenced exchanging shots, and so 
close were they, that several men were wounded before it 
was finished. Having got that matter off their minds, and 
not having any rations to bother with, they lay down upon 
the ground to rest. The position occupied by the division 
was on both sides of the New Market, or Long Bridge road, 
near its crossing with the Charles City road, in front of 
the Quaker or Willis Church road, leading to Malvern Hill 
and Turkey Bridge. The field was a large, open plain, with 
a front of about eight hundred yards, and a depth of one 
thousand yards, intersected towards the right by the New 
Market road and a narrow strip of timber, parallel to it, 
and on the left, near the center, with a marshy woods, near 
which was a small farm-house. In the rear of the plain was 
a steep, wooded hill, running to a broad plateau, or table- 
land, across which ran the Quaker road, leading to the river. 



*This battle has beenvariously called New Market Cross-Boads, Charles City Cross- 
Roads, Gleadale, and by the rebels, Nelson's Farm. Glendale is the name by which it 
is most familiarly known. 



102 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

It was a beautiful battle-field for a fair fight, without any 
advantage of ground to either party, but too large for the 
Eeserves, the lands on either flank being open. 

General Meade's Brigade was posted on the right, across 
the New Market road; General Seymour's on the left, 
extending to the marshy woods; and General Eeynolds', 
now Simmons', was held in reserve near the center of the 
line, on the plateau in rear of the woods. The artillery was 
placed in front of the line; Randall's battery on the right, 
supported by the Fourth and Seventh Reserves ; Cooper's 
and Kerns' batteries opposite the center, supported by the 
Fin;t, Colonel Roberts, and the Ninth, Colonel Jackson ; 
and Deiirich and Kennerhein's German batteries, accidently 
left by Porter, on the left, supported by the Tenth, Colonel 
Kirk, and the Twelfth, Colonel Taggart. The Fourth Penn- 
sylvania Cavalry, Colonel Childs, was drawn up on the left 
and rear, but, not being called into action, was subsequently 
ordered to fall back. 

Some distance to the right and rear of the Reserves was 
posted Kearney's division, and on the plateau, to the left 
and rear, was Sumner's, and further to the left and rear. 
Hooker's. These troops could have been effectively brought 
into action, but the General-in-chief was not present upon 
the field, and his only instructions to the generals of his 
army were to occupy certain positions, and to resist the 
enemy until the trains moving towards the river should pass 
all the cross-roads. Of these disjointed and independent com- 
mands, M'Call held the center, resting on the principal road 
from Richmond, with both his flanks exposed. Early in the 
day, Jackson's artillery was heard pounding away at Frank- 
lin, at White Oak Swamp, to the right and rear, which he 
continued through the day and into the night. 

From daylight our pickets had been exchanging occasional 
shots with the enemy, who were in the vicinity in consider- 
able force, awaiting re-enforcements. Near eleven o'clock 
a squadron of cavalry was thrown forward on the Charles 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 103 

City and New Market roads, and the First and Third Regi- 
ments were ordered to support them. Colonel Sickel moved 
out with his regiment, and resting his right on the New 
Market road, dropped out the companies at intervals, extend- 
ing his line for a mile south of the road, and stationed the 
out-post pickets. About half past two o'clock the enemy 
appeared in force, covering his whole front with heavy col- 
umns of infantry, and driving in the cavalry. A skirmish 
immediately commenced, but with such little spirit by the 
enemy that Sickel threw out flanking parties to observe 
tliem, when he soon ascertained they were pushing troops to 
cut oW and capture him. He at once concentrated his regi- 
ment, when a sharp encounter ensued, which checked their 
advance, when, receiving orders to fall back, he took his 
position in line of battle. The enemy, who were com- 
manded by General Lee in person, accompanied by Jeifer- 
son Davis, consisted of Longstreet's and A. P. Hill's divisions, 
estimated among the strongest and best of the Confederate 
army, and numbering between 18,000 and 20,000 men.* 
Having waited several hours for the arrival of Huger or 
Jackson, he opened with his batteries along the entire line, 
and, under cover of their fire, sent forward two regiments 
on the left and right center, to feel for a weak point. The 
first fell upon the Seventh, Colonel Harvey, and was hand- 
somely repulsed ; * and the last, upon the Third, who received 
it at fifty paces with a withering fire of musketry.f Still 
this gallant regiment, the Ninth Virginia, continued to 
advance, but finally broke and fled, leaving two-thirds of 
its number upon the field.f 

The enemy were soon discovered massing their troops on 
the left, with the object of turning that flank. General 
M'Call immediately rode forward at the head of the Buck- 
tails, Major Stone, and posted them in the marshy woods. 
He then ordered the left wing to change front on that flank, 

* General M'Call's official report. 

fProf. Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, page 012. 



104 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

and sent Colonel Simmons with the Fifth and Eighth 
Reserves to re-enforce them. The cannoneers of the two 
German batteries, after firing a few random rounds, were 
panic stricken, and, cutting their harness, dashed to the 
rear with their horses, breaking through, tramping down, 
and disorganizing four companies of the Twelfth, that formed 
their support.* The enemy, in the meantime, had concen- 
trated the fire of his artillery upon this point, and seized 
this favorable opportunity to charge with his infantry. 
With loud yells they rushed upon our lines, breaking down 
and crushing out Colonel Taggart's six companies of the 
Twelfth, that held the extreme left. Their dense masses 
dashed onward with loud screams and yells, confident of 
overpowering and sweeping from the field the Reserves, 
whom they believed they at last had in their power. But 
the gallant Simmons was there with the Fifth and the 
Eighth, the Ninth and the Tenth, and, facing his line to the 
left, led a counter-charge with such desperate fury that 
the exultant foe was broken and hurled back to the forest. 
Here followed the first of those desperate hand-to-hand 
struggles that signalized this day. Had Simmons been left 
alone with the enemy, who thrice outnumbered him, they 
never could have formed their lines again, but, fresh troops 
coming to their support, he was driven back. In this 
encounter the Seventh and the Seventeenth Virginia Regi- 
ments w^ere nearly annihilated, the greater portion being 
either killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. f In the mean- 
time, the last regiment of the reserve, the Second, Colonel 
M'Candless, had advanced to a position to the right of the 
marshy woods, where they were joined by a detachment of 
the Twelfth, rallied by Adjutant Theodore M'Murtrie. Sim- 

*General M'Call, in person, posted the Twelfth on the extreme left. Soon after- 
wards, General Seymour rode up and ordered it to be divided, and four companies to 
erect a breastwork of rails, with two companies in rear for support, and the other four 
companies to support the Dutch batteries, leaving a gap of two hundred yards between 
the wings. This unfortunate disposition of the regiment rendered it impossible to 
fight it advantageously. 

tBates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol, I, page OGS. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 105 

moiis' comuiiind was borne by them to the right, but the 
gallant Simmons and Seymour rallied a few men of the 
Fifth and Eighth, and had time to lay them down beside 
the Second. Now for the dash of a handful against a vast 
mass, to gain a few moments' time to rally the brigade. On 
came the exultant foe, again rushing in triumph over the 
field. But, when within fifty yards of us, the little line 
arose, and delivering a volley, rushed upon them with the 
baj'onet. Then followed another of those desperate strug- 
gles so seldom witnessed in war. The firing instantly ceased. 
The maddening yells and curses of the men, amidst the 
crashing steel, alone was heard. The hostile banners 
were wrenched again and again from their bearers' hands, 
and trampled to the earth, to be instantly rescued by a des- 
perate rally. Friend and foe went down in each others 
embrace, and the fury of hell pervaded the mass. But the 
long lines of the enemy nearly closed around the little hand- 
ful. The object had been gained — a few moments' time — 
and, overpowered, with their glorious banners still flaunting, 
they were swept from the field.* Here fell the heroic Sim- 
mons. " A soldier by profession and a man of the strictest 
honor; a patriot from principle and brave to a fault; the 
Reserves Corps lost no more trusted leader nor loved com- 
panion in arms." Here fell, too, the fearless Biddle, the 
Adjutant-General of the Reserves, and a host of gallant 
ofiicers and brave men. Nearly one-half of those engaged 
were either killed or wounded. Colonel Hays had his horse 
shot under him. Driven across the field, the men ral- 
lied on the brigade, which had by this time re-formed ; the 
wild charge of the enemy was checked, and their desperate 
and determined attempt to force the line, cut off the right 
wing, and capture the immense trains then moving to the 
left, completely frustrated. Meanwhile, four companies of 
the Twelfth, that had formed the support of the German bat- 
teries, and which had been broken and trampled down by 

* Half-past five o'clock. 



106 THE THIRD BESERVE. 

the artillerj'inen dashing through them with their limbers 
and horses, and detachments from the Fifth, Eighth and 
Tenth, with wounded and prisoners, retired to the left and 
rear upon Hooker's division. Here Colonel Taggart rallied 
his regiment and these detached men, and, leading them for- 
ward, formed to the right of the Sixteenth Massachusetts, 
which position he maintained until the Reserves withdrew, 
sustaining a loss of four officers and over one hundred men. 
While these sanguinary struggles were progressing on the 
left, the center and right were sharing in the glory and 
death of the field. On the center, at the same instant that 
Simmons led his last charge, the enemy precipitated heavy 
columns on Kerns' and Cooper's batteries, determined to 
carry them at any sacrifice of life. These dense masses, 
emerging from the woods, dashed over the field for eight 
hundred yards with yells and screeches, perfectly reckless of 
life. Though the batteries swept their fronts clean, yet 
onward the columns dashed to within twenty, thirty or forty 
yards, when the infantry, pouring volleys of musketry into 
them, dashed upon them with the bayonet. Three times 
the enemy's columns were driven back with great slaughter. 
Kerns' caissons having been sent to the rear by General Sey- 
mour, and the last round in the limbers bein^ expended, he 
withdrew his guns, seeing which, the enemy precipitated 
their united force upon Cooper's battery, bayoneting and 
shooting the gunners, and, after a desperate encounter, 
carrying it.* The Ninth Reserves, which had been tempo- 
rarily withdrawn from its support to succor another battery, 
at this instant returned, and hearing of its loss, demanded 
to be led to its recapture; and the gallant Colonel Jackson,t 
with what other parts of regiments and men he could rally, 
led them to the seemingly hopeless charge. Dashing across 
the field, with arms trailed, they sprung upon the foe at the 

* Seven o'clock. — M' Call's Testimony. 

fColonel Conrad Feger Jackson, Allegheny county. Appointed Brigadier-General, 
July 17th, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 107 

moment the guns were being turned against them. A des- 
perate struggle ensued, in whicli the bayonet and clubbed 
musket did the principal work. But the Reserves not only 
recaptured the battery and the Seventh Reserve's flag, but 
took the Tenth Alabama's flag, and bore them triumphantly 
back to their lines.* 

The enemy, having been repulsed in his attempts upon 
the left and center, at last concentrated all his strength for 
a final desperate eflbrt to crush the right. From the com- 
mencement of the battle, he had never ceased his vigorous 
attacks upon the whole line, but now appeared to abandon 
the entire field for this one point. Meade was expecting the 
assault, and M'Call, in anticipation of it, had repaired there, 
but had not a solitary regiment to bring with him, they all 
being required on the other parts of the field. The enemy, 
under cover of a heavy fire of artillery, advanced a bri- 
gade in wedge-shape, with a wild recklessness but seldom 
equalled, to charge Randall's battery. Despite the fearful 
carnage, they charged almost to the muzzles of the guns, 
but the fire was too terrible to endure, and, at last, they 
broke, and scattered like chaff before the wind. Before 
they were out of range of the infantry, a second brigade, 
that followed them as a support, dashed boldly forward to 
the very guns, where they, too, were hurled back by the 
sheets of flame of the artillery and infantry. Almost instantly 
came the third suppporting brigade, wild with fury and 
reckless of life, and now commenced the last desperate 
struggle of the day. The infantry had stood perfectly cool, 
delivering their fire of musketry ; but now their four regi- 
ments were assaulted in overwhelming numbers, the two 
first attacking brigades having been rallied and led to the 
charge. In the tumult, the guns were overturned and every 
horse of the battery killed, and the scene presented was one 
confused heap of men, horses, carriages and limbers. Three 
times Sickel rallied his men to the charge, and gallantly they 

*Prof. Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, page 788. 



108 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

held their ground, " until one of those unfortunate mistakes 
of war occured, which has so often marred the operations 
of armies. A supporting regiment, in the smoke of battle, 
mistaking the Third for the enemy, opened fire upon its 
ranks, throwing them into disorder, and causing them to 
break,"* they taking with them seven prisoners they had 
just captured. Sickel had his horse shot under him, and, 
with the officers, strove to rally the Third, but the fire in the 
rear and front was too severe. A portion of the men were 
rallied, and, with the majority of the officers, continued in 
the contest.f The supporting regiment took the Third's 
place, but soon after a portion of the Fourth gave way. 
The balance maintained its ground, and fought with great 
desperation. In the hand-to-hand conflict that ensued. 
Captain Tapper saw a powerfully-built officer single him 
out, and advance with uplifted sword. Tapper, who was of 
iron nerve, did not hesitate to accept the challenge. A 
parry of swords ensued, when the Captain discovered 
another officer rushing upon him. Instantly advancing, he 
dealt his foe a blow upon the head that brought him to his 
knees — without moving a step, he half-wheeled to the right, 
and, with a horizontal blow, cut the other officer across the 
face, staggering him back — his first antagonist was now 
upon his feet and prepared to attack, when Tapper, regard- 
less of defense, plunged his sword through his body, and, 
turning upon the other, buried his blade in his skull. The 
gallant Captain received only a number of slight wounds. 

General M'Call, in his official report, thus graphically 
describes the scene : " I had ridden into the regiments and 
endeavored to check them ; but, as is seen, with only partial 
success. It was here, however, my fortune to witness, 

* Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, Vol. I, page 612. 

t Extract from General M'Call'.s Report: * * * " My thanks are likewise due 
to Colonel Roberts, commanding First Regiment; Colonel Sickel, commanding Third 
Regiment; Colonel Hays, commanding Eighth Regiment; Colonel Jackson and Captain 
Cuthbertson, of the Ninth Regiment, and other brave officers not commanding regi- 
ments, of whom Lieutenant-Colonel M'Intire, Major Woodward and Major Woolworth 
are among the many wounded.— 3foore's Rebellion Record, page 668, Docs., Vol., Camp. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 109 

between those of my men who stood their ground and the 
rebels who advanced, one of the fiercest bayonet fights that, 
perhaps, ever occurred on this continent. Bayonets were 
crossed and locked in the struggle ; bayonet wounds were 
freely given and received. I saw skulls crushed by the 
heavy blow of the butt of the musket, and, in short, the 
desperate thrusts and parries of a life-and-death encounter, 
proving, indeed, that Greek had met Greek when the Ala- 
bama boys fell upon the sons of Pennyslvania. 

" My last reserve regiment I had previously sent to sup- 
port Cooper, and I had not now a man to bring forward. My 
men were bodily borne off the ground by superior numbers. 
A thick wood was immediately in rear, and the Confeder- 
ates did not follow my men into the thicket. It was at this 
moment, on witnessing the scene I have described, that I 
bitterly felt that my division ought to have been re-enforced, 

" My force had been reduced, by the battles of the 26th 
and 27th, to less than six thousand, and on this occasion I 
had to contend with the divisions of Longstreet and A, P, 
Hill, estimated among the strongest and best of the Confed- 
erate army, and numbering that day from eighteen to twenty 
thousand. 

" The center was, at this time, still engaged, and I could 
not withdraw any troops from it." 

The Reserves were driven back to the woods, but the 
enemy immediately retired, they being too severely punished 
to pursue or enfilade the line, or even attempt to hold the 
battery. They abandoned the field, their wounded and 
dead, and all they had won, and retired to the wood in their 
rear. The sun had already set,* and darkness was spread- 
ing over the abandoned field, strewed with its thousands of 
dead and wounded, the wreck of Randall's battery, and the 
two German batteries, whose guns stood as they were left. 
In this struggle. General Meade was severely wounded in 
the arm and hip. Colonel Harvey was crushed by a limber, 

* The sun set at 7:35. 



110 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

and Lieutenant Colonel M'lntiie received a bone wound in 
the thigh. Over forty horses were killed around the battery. 

General M'Call, in his official report, says : " In a short 
time, Lieutenant Colonel Thompson, Third Regiment, came 
up, and reported to me that he had collected about five hun- 
dred men, with whom he was then advancing. I rode on 
with him, at the head of the column, in a direction to bring 
this force upon Kearny's left. 

" On arriving near the ground where Randall's battery 
stood, I halted Thompson's command, wishing to ascertain 
whether any of my men were still in front of me. I had 
left Captain Conrad's company about one hundred yards in 
advance, but it was now so dark I could scarcely distinguish 
a man at ten paces. The battle, in fact, was now over; the 
firing on the left and center had ceased, and there was only 
a desultory firing between Kearny's men and the enemy, 
some distance to my right. I rode forward to look for Con- 
rad, and on the ground where I left him I rode into the 
enemy's picket, the Forty-seventh Virginia, Colonel Mayo, 
resting under some trees, and, before I knew in whose pres- 
ence I was, I was taken prisoner. Unfortunately for myself, 
I had no staft" officer with me, or I should have sent him 
forward to examine the ground instead of going myself; 
but my adjutant-general, the valiant Captain Henry J. Bid- 
die, had been mortally wounded ; Lieutenant Scheetz had 
his horse killed, and was injured by the fall; my chief-of- 
ordnance, the gallant Beatty, had been severely wounded at 
my side, and only left me when I had insisted on his doing 
so; my excellent orderly, Sergeant Simeon Dunn, Fourth 
Pennsylvania Cavalry, was also fatally wounded at my side ; 
and out of my escort of a captain and twenty men of the 
Fourth Cavalry, but one corporal (the brave King) and one 
private remained with me ; these two men were made 
prisoners with myself. About the time I was taken pris- 
oner, the desultory firing on my right died away." 



THE THIRD RESERVE. HI 

The Keserves had collected in the woods, about three 
hundred yards in rear of their first line of battle, and there 
re-formed. General M'Call was a prisoner, and all his staff 
and escort either killed or wounded. The gallant Meade, 
commanding the Second Brigade, had been borne off the 
field wounded. Simmons, commanding the First Brigade, 
had been killed, and Seymour, commanding the Third Bri- 
gade, could not be found. Hosts of field and company 
ofiicers had gone down, and the division was without a 
recognized leader for two hours. The commanding ofiicers 
of the regiments acted independent of, but in concert with, 
each other, and formed their line of battle, and remained in 
the position occupied by Simmons' Brigade at the opening 
of the battle, until between two and three o'clock the next 
morning, when, under the command of General Seymour, 
they withdrew and rejoined M'Clellan at Malvern Hill, after 
every gun and wagon of the train of the Army of the Poto- 
mac, they had fought so desperately to defend, had passed 
safely to the river. 

The loss of the Reserves in this battle was 1,674 killed, 
wounded and missing, being over thirty per cent, of the 
5,600 men present in the battle. In the Third, Captains 
William Brian, H. Clay Beatty and Joseph Thomas, Lieu- 
tenants Jacob Lehman, Joseph B. Roberts and Francis E. 
Harrison, were wounded.* The loss of the enemy on the 
left of our line was about equal to our own, and on the 
center and right, where they recklessly charged the bat- 
teries, it certainly far exceeded ours. We lost, also, eighty 
six horses killed ; and the wreck of Randall's and the two 
German batteries were abondoned for want of means to 
take them oft" the field. f They lost over two hundred 
prisoners and three stands of colors. We lost not a flag. 

* For the loss in the Third, see Appendix A. 

tThe artillery officers, during the night, sought General Heintzleman, and asked 
the use of his artillery horses to haul their guns off with, but were refused, he fearing 
a renewal of the battle. 



112 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

The object for which this battle was fought — the defence of 
the immense supply train while passing, and the holding of 
the enemy in check at this point, where he strove desper- 
ately to cut in two the retiring column of the Army of the 
Potomac — was fully achieved. His design was utterly frus- 
trated, and he signally repulsed. 

Thus ended this glorious and bloody battle, which was 
the hardest contested field upon the Peninsula. That the 
Reserves fought it alone against thrice their number, and 
within sight and hearing of three or four times their num- 
ber of national troops, who did not lose ten men, is an 
incontestable fact. 

Let us see what the enemy had to say about this battle. 
General Lee, in his oflEicial report, says : 

" The superiority of numbers and advantage of position 
were on the side of the enemy. * * * 

"Could the other comrades have cooperated in the action, 
the result would have proved most disastrous to the enemy. 
After the engagement, Magruder was recalled to relieve the 
troops of Longstreet and Hill. His men, much fatigued by 
their long, hot march, arrived during the night," 

Brigadier-General Roger A. Pryor, Fifth Brigade, Long- 
street's corps, says : 

"Arriving on the field, I discovered that the brigade on 
my right had been repulsed, and that my command were 
exposed to a destructive fire on the flank as well as in front. 
Nevertheless, they stood their ground, and sustained the 
unequal combat until re-enforced by the brigade of General 
Gregg. We did not return to our original position until 
the enemy had abandoned the field and surrendered his 
artillery into our possession. In this engagement, my loss 
was uncommonly heavy in ofiicers as well as men. The 
Fourteenth Alabama, bearing the brunt of the struggle, was 
nearly annihilated. I crossed the Chickahominy on the 26th 
with 1,400 men. In the fight that followed, I suffered a loss 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 113 

of eight hundred and forty-nine killed and wounded and 
eleven missing." 

An officer in the Confederate army, reporting the battles 
of the Seven Days' fight, in regard to Glendale, says : 

" General M'Clellan had taken his position on the Kew 
Market road, which formed his center. This point he had 
strengthened with nineteen pieces of heavy artillery, and 
collected his best troops there, and firmly and cooly awaited 
our attack. We had, at all hazards, to drive the enemy 
from the neighborhood of our capital, or succumb ourselves. 
No other choice remained for us. During the four days of 
massacre that had already passed, our troops had been trans- 
formed into wild beasts ; and hardly had they caught sight 
of the enemy, drawn up in order, ere they rushed upon them 
with horrible yells. Yet calmly, as on the parade ground, 
the latter delivered their fire. The batteries in the center 
discharged their murderous volleys on our men, and great 
disorder ensued among the storming masses. General Lee 
sent all of his disposable troops to the rescue, but M'Clellan 
opened upon these newly-formed storming columns so hell- 
ish a fire that even the coldest blooded veteran lost his self- 
possession. Whole ranks of our men were hurled to the 
ground. The thunder of the cannon, the crackling of the 
musketry from a hundred thousand combatants, mingled 
with the screams of the wounded and the dying, were ter- 
rific to the ear and tlie imagination. Thus raged the conflict, 
within a comparatively narrow space, seven long hours, 
and yet, not a foot of ground was won. All our reserves had 
been led into the fight, and the brigade of Wilcox was anni- 
hilated. At length the coming of night compelled a truce, 
and, utterly overcome by fatigue, the soldier sank upon the 
ground at his post, thoughtless of even the friend torn from 
his side, and engrossed only with the instinct of self preser- 
vation. But, 'water! water!' was the cry from the parched 
lips on all sides. The empty flasks contained not a drop, 
8 



114 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

alas ! and at length sleep overcame each worn-out warrior, 
and even thirst and hunger were forgotten. Gloomy and 
out of humor, General Lee rode through the camping- 
ground of the decimated regiments, attended by his staff, 
and then, with a dry, harsh voice, ordered up the divisions 
of Wise and Magruder to bury the dead." 

Surgeon Marsh, of the Fourth Reserves, who remained to 
take charge of our wounded, fell into the enemy's hands, 
and the next morning General Longstreet, who would not 
credit the statement that the Reserves were alone, inquired 
of him what troops had been engaged. He replied that he 
had been in the battle, and knew only of the action of 
M'Call's division, which had fought on the ground they were 
standing on. "Well," said Longstreet, "M'Call is safe in 
Richmond, but if his division had not offered the stubborn 
resistance it did, on this road, we would have captured your 
whole army. Never mind, we'll do it yet," 

General M'Clellan, who was not present at the battle, in 
his report of it quotes very freely from the reports of Gen- 
erals Heintzlemau and Hooker, in regard to the operations 
of our division, who, being in our rear, and separated by a 
strip of pine forest from the battle-ground, could know but 
little of what took place. In it he says : " General Heint- 
zlemau states that, about ^ye o'clock P.M., General M'Call's 
division was attacked in large force, evidently the principal 
attack ; that in less than an hour the division gave way. * * * 
Later in the day, at the call of General Kearny, General 
Taylor's First New Jersey Brigade, Slocum's division, was 
sent to occupy a j^ortion of General M'Call's deserted position, 
a battery accompanying the brigade." 

There is not an officer or man of the division, who was 
present at this battle, but knows these statements are abso- 
lutely erroneous in every particular. There is abundant 
testimony to refute them, some of which we annex. 

Besides the official report of General M'Call, which is a 
sufficient refutation of the charge, we have his testimony 



THE THIRD RESERVE. II5 

before the " Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War," 
in which he states : " I have no desire to treat lightly the 
reverses on both flanks of my division on this hard-fought 
field ; they were the almost inevitable results of greatly 
superior numbers, impelled on those points with great 
impetuosity; but the Pennsylvania Reserves, as a division, 
although terribly shattered, were never 'routed'; they 
maintained their ground with these exceptions, for three 
hours, against thrice their numbers, in, I believe, the hardest- 
fought and bloodiest battle in which they have ever been 
engaged, and in this opinion I am sustained by most of 
those oflicers, if not all, with whom I have conversed on 
the subject. 

" Had my division been routed, the march of the Federal 
army would certainly have been seriously interrupted by Lee 
forcing his masses into the interval. When I was sur- 
rounded and taken prisoner, I was conducted at once to 
Lee's headquarters. Here Longstreet told me they had 
seventy thousand men bearing on that point, all of whom 
would arrive before midnight; and, had he succeeded in 
forcing M'Clellan's column of march, they would have been 
thrust in between the right and left wings of the Federal 
army, j^ow, under this very probable contingency, had I 
not held my position, the state of affairs in the left wing of 
M'Clellan's army would have been critical indeed ; but Lee 
was checked, as Longstreet admitted, by my division, and 
the divisions in the rear, together with the Pennsylvania 
Reserves and others, moved on during the night, and joined 
M'Clellan at Malvern Hill before daylight." 

General Porter says : " Had not M'Call held his place at 
New Market road, June 30th, the line of march of the Fed- 
eral army would have been cut by the enemy." 

General Meade says : * * * "It was only the stub- 
born resistance offered by our division (the Pennsylvania 
Reserves), prolonging the contest till after dark, and check- 
ing till that time the advance of the enemy, that enabled 



116 THE THIRD BESEBVE. 

the concentration, during the night, of the whole army on 
James river, which saved it." 

Captain Erkuries Beatty, chief-of-ordnance on General 
M'Call's staff, says: "The battle of the 30th, which 
opened about four P.M., was, in my opinion, the most des- 
perate of the three battles in which the ' Reserves ' were 
engaged. Our position was one of great responsibility, in 
reference to the safety of the whole army. General M'Call 
fully appreciated it, and the military proportions of the old 
hero loomed up to the grandeur of the occasion. His whole 
manner and appearance evinced the determination to tri- 
umph or die. As the battle progressed, the whole energy 
of the veteran soldier was roused. He entered into the thick- 
est and hottest of the ponjlict with intense earnestness and 
entirely regardless of peril, although all the time in the 
midst of a tempest of deadly missiles. The portion of the 
field to which he gave his personal attention was our center 
and right, and our troops were cheered by his constant pres- 
ence with them. He rode from regiment to regiment, and 
dashed along shouting words of encouragement, to inspirit 
both officers and men. At times, under the fierce onsets of 
the desperate rebel foe, our ranks would reel, and stagger, 
and fall back. But most active of all, in checking the stam- 
pede and turning back the fugitives, was their veteran Gen- 
eral himself, and his presence and rallying cry was most 
potent in bringing them again to a stand. Then, regaining 
their self-possession, and speedily re-forming their line, they 
would again rush forward with cheers, and drive back the 
rebel desperadoes. About six o'clock P.M., I received a rifle 
ball through the thigh of my right leg. The General urged 
me to go to the rear and find a surgeon at once, but, as I felt 
no bone was broken, I determined not to leave him while I 
had strength to remain on my horse. 

" The battle continued to rage ; the ' Reserves,' worn 
down by the labor of the two previous battles, long marches 
and loss of sleep, and feeling that fresh rebel troops were 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 117 

constantly pouring on the field, began to yield to the unequal 
contest. But the General redoubled his efforts to keep 
their ranks firm. Again and again they rallied. I am sure 
he felt proud of their good conduct — the noble ' Reserves,' 
whom he had organized and given a year's training and 
discipline, and who, in these last five days, were realizing 
his highest expectations. But they had fought long and 
well, and the sun was near the horizon, and the General 
looked anxiously for the re-enforcements which had been 
promised him. All at once he turned round to me and 
said he was struck, and the dull sound of the ball, striking, 
as I thought, the upper part of his breast-bone, had not 
escaped my ear. I immediately and earnestly urged his 
going to the rear to a surgeon, and the horses' heads were 
turned in that direction. We had not proceeded far, however, 
before he succeeded in getting his shirt open at the neck, 
and remarked to me that he could feel no blood. Expressing 
the opinion that he had only been struck by a spent ball 
which had done him no injury, he immediately turned his 
horse, and declared his intention of returning to the battle- 
field, but enjoining upon me to seek a surgeon and have 
my wound dressed without delay." 

While the battle of Glendale was progressing. General 
Jackson, who was ordered to gain the right flank and rear 
of the army, found his progress impeded at White Oak 
Swamp by General Franklin, who repulsed all his efforts to 
cross. During the night Franklin withdrew, and early the 
next morning the enemy crossed and marched to Malvern 
Hill. About four P.M., the same day, the rebel General, 
Holmes, moving down the banks of the James, discovered 
Warren's Brigade of Porter's Corps on the extreme left of 
our line, and, unlimbering his guns, opened upon him. 
Being somewhat surprised at the concentrated fire of thirty 
guns, which suddenly responded, he hastily retired, leaving 
two of his cannon. 



118 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

In the meantime all our trains and reserve artillery had 
passed on to the river, and about midnight Seymour com- 
menced the withdrawal of the Reserves from Glendale, 
which was gradually and quietly done. The Second Brigade 
was under the command of Colonel Sickel. As we marched 
down the Quaker road, we overtook many of our wounded, 
and at Willis Church we found collected a large number. 
The boys sought out such as could be helped, and took them 
along. Just before daybreak we reached the plain in front 
of Malvern Hill, crossing which we moved to the high 
ground and laid down our wearied bodies to sleep. . Five 
days and five nights had now passed. Three days of battle, 
one of rest, and one of marching. Three nights of broken 
sleep upon the battle-fields, one of wearied marching, one 
of watching on picket. Three days' scanty rations, uncooked, 
and is it surprising that on the sixth day the Reserves sank 
down on Malvern and slept soundly amidst the thunder of 
battle ? Hundreds of them slept peacefully there, with the 
shell and round-shot falling continually among them. 








iiBiliiillllliiM^^^^ 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 119 



CHAPTER VIII. 

The Battle of Malvern Hill — The Field — Feeling our Line — 
Ominous Stillness — The Three O'clock Assault — The Six 
O'clock Assault — Fearful Carnage — Utter Repulse and Con- 
fusion OF the Enemy — General Trimble's Account — Heavy 
Loss of the Enemy — The Loss of Both Armies in the Seven 
Days' Battle — Both Armies Retreat — Indignation — Porter's 
AND Hooker's Opinion — Kearny's Protest — Harrison's Land- 
ing — Remarks — Libby Prison — Kindness op the Insurgent 
Privates. 

Battle of Malvern Hill, July 1st, 1862. 

GENERAL PORTER, having been misled and delayed in 
his passage through the swamp, did not reach this posi- 
tion until 9 A.M. on the 30th, when he at once proceeded 
to post his troops as they arrived. During the day and 
night, the whole Army of the Potomac was concentrated 
here, to make the last stand of the campaign. The enemy 
followed, flushed with the knowledge of our retreat, the 
sight of our dead and wounded, and the spoils of the fields. 
Although they had been defeated in every battle but that of 
Gaines' Mills, they had gained the campaign, and believed 
it required but one more desperate effort to annihilate or 
capture us. Jefferson Davis, and all the oflicials of the Con- 
federate government were there, to witness the closing scene 
of the last drama. 

Malvern Hill is an elevated plateau, about a mile and a 
half by three-fourths of a mile in area, mostly clear of tim- 
ber, and with several converging roads crossing it. In front 
were numerous ravines, and the ground sloped gradually 
towards the north and east to a heavy woods, giving clear 
range for artillery in those directions. Towards the north- 
west, the plateau falls off more abruptly into a ravine, which 
extends to James river. Upon this hill the left and center 



120 THE THIRD liESERVE. 

of our line rested, while the right curved backwards, through 
a wooded country, towards a point below Haxall's, on the 
Jaraes river. The left of our line was held by the Fifth 
Corps, General Porter; next was the Fourth, General Keyes; 
next, the Third, General Heintzleman; next, the Second, 
General Sumner; and next, the Sixth, General Franklin; 
with both flanks resting on the James river. The Reserves 
were held in reserve, upon the highest ground on the field, 
behind the right of Porter. The line was very strong along 
the whole front of the open plateau, but from thence to the 
extreme right the troops were more deployed. The right 
wing was rendered as secure as possible by slashing the tim- 
ber and barricading the roads. Two hundred and fifty 
pieces of artillery were posted upon different parts of the 
field, mostly on the left and center, and, in some places, tier 
above tier. Commodore Rogers,* commanding the flotilla 
on James river, placed his gun-boats so as to protect the 
extreme left flank. 

The advance of the insurgents, under Jackson, came down 
the Quaker road, while Magruder's and Huger's divisions 
advanced on the direct road from Richmond. Longstreet's 
and A. P. Hill's divisions, having had the heaviest of the fight- 
ing thus far, and been badly cut up, were held in reserve in 
rear of Jackson, and were not brought into action. With 
their exception, the whole of the "Army of Virginia" were 
fought against Porter's corps, Couch's division, Sickel's and 
Meagher's brigades, they being the only troops actively 
engaged, the attack being confined exclusively to the left 
wing and left center. Apart from the great strength of our 
position, we had more men than the enemy upon the field, and 
more and heavier guns; though they were enabled to bring 
into the fight far more men than we could. About ten A.M., 
the enemy emerged from the woods, and commenced feeling 
along the whole left wing with his artillery and skirmishers. 



*JohD Rogers, who captured the English insurgent ironclad Atlanta, near Savan- 
nah, Oa., June 17th, 1803. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 121 

which was promptly responded to on our side, and, in about 
an hour, the firing on both sides nearly ceased. An omin- 
ous stillness, indicating the maneuvering and placing in posi- 
tion of troops, now followed. About two P.M. a heavy col- 
umn of the enemy moved to our right, occupying two hours 
in passing. It disappeared, and was not heard of again, it 
probably returning by the rear and participating in the attack 
on the left. At this time General M'Clellan made a tour of 
the field, and was received with loud cheers along the line. 
During this long silence, our troops lay quietly upon the 
field, eating their scanty rations, and enjoying the rest they 
had not known for so long. 

About three P.M., Jackson pushed forward on both sides 
of the Quaker road, D. H. Hill's and Whiting's divisions on 
his right and left, with Swell's in the center; Huger simul- 
taneously advanced on their right, with Magruder's three 
divisions on his right, the order from Lee being to break 
our lines by a concentric fire of artillery, and then " charge 
with a yell," no matter what their loss was, right over our 
lines, and drive us into the river. The infantry attack, after 
a brief cannonade, was made with great intrepidity ; but, 
with fearful carnage, they were hurled back. This affair 
occupied about one hour, when the firing ceased on the 
whole field, and the enemy evinced neither a disposition to 
attack nor withdraw. About six o'clock the enemy suddenly 
opened upon Couch and Porter, on the left center, with the 
whole strength of his artillery, and at once began pushing 
forward his columns of attack to carry the hill. Now opened 
a most desperate and sanguinary struggle. Brigade after 
brigade, forming under cover of the woods, started at a run 
across the open space and charged our batteries, but the 
heavy fire of our guns, with the cool and steady volleys of 
the infantry, in every case, sent them reeling back to shelter, 
and covered the ground with their dead and wounded. 
Fresh lines were immediately hurled forward with utter 
desperation and recklessness. No troops ever showed more 



122 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

courage than the enemy did upon this occasion. Ths.y wete 
driven back, broken and confused, only to unite and return 
again to the assault. From batteries upon batteries were 
vomited forth sheets of flame and clouds of smoke, whose 
storm of grape and canister mowed down the columns of 
advancing valor, leaving vast gaps, that were billed up by 
the mad and infuriated masses. To add to the terror of the 
slaughter, the gun-boats in the river opened with their 
eleven-inch guns, throwing their shells into the woods, 
which were filled with the enemy, tearing into splinters the 
largest trees and creating great havoc. 

About seven o'clock, as fresh troops were being pushed in 
by the enemy. Sickle's and Meagher's brigades were drawn 
from the right and sent in. Until dark, the enemy persisted 
in his eiforts to take the positions, but, despite his vastly 
superior numbers and desperate valor, his attacks were all 
repulsed with fearful loss. The sun went down, but the 
carnage did not cease, for though the musketry closed, the 
fiery messengers of death coursed their swift-winged path 
through the skies, dealing destruction among the enemy, 
who but feebly replied. About nine o'clock all firing 
ceased. Never was a repulse more signal, the confused 
masses of the enemy's infantry, artillery and cavalry, all 
struggling together, choking the roads and crossing the 
fields in every direction. So complete was the confusion, 
that two or three days elapsed before the men of the differ- 
ent regiments and commands could be collected together 
and put in shape. This is the testimony of Doctors Collins, 
Donnelly, and other of our surgeons, who remained with 
our wounded at Willis Church and Glendale.* Thus ended 



* Brigadier-General J. R. Trimble, [severely wounded at Gettysburg, Pa.,] of EwelTs 
[severely wounded near Thoroughfare Gap, Va., August 28th, 1802,] division, giving an 
account of the conduct of his brigade in this battle, says: "The next naorning, by 
dawn, I went off to ask for orders, when I found the whole army in the utmost dis- 
order—thousands of straggling men asking every passer-by for their regiments; 
ambulances, wagons and artillery obstructing every road ; and, altogether, in a drench- 
ing rain, presenting a scene of the most woeful and disheartening confusion." 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 123 

this oue-sided carnage. General M'Clellan, who had been 
to Harrison's Bar, on the Galena, during the day, was pres- 
ent at the last desperate charge of the enemy. The loss of 
neither army in this battle is known, but, there is little doubt, 
that of the enemy was treble our own. 

As the array, in its retreat, was occupied in marching by 
night and fighting by day, its generals found no time for 
collecting data which would enable them to give exact 
returns of the casualties in each engagement. The aggre- 
gate of our entire losses, from the 26th of June to the 
Ist of July, inclusive, was officially returned by General 
M'Clellan as follows : 

Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. 

First, M'Call's division 253 1,240 1,581 *3,074 

Second, Sumner's corps 187 1,076 848 2,111 

Third, Heintzleman's corps... 189 1,051 833 2,073 

Fourth, Keyes' corps 69 507 201 777 

Fifth, Porter's corps 620 2,460 1,198 4,278 

Sixth, Franklin's corps 245 1,313 1,179 2,737 

Engineers ... 2 21 23 

Cavalry 19 60 97 176 

Total 1,582 7,709 5,958 15,249 

* General M'Call, in his official report, states the loss of the Reserves to be 3,180. 

It will be observed that the division of Reserves lost more 
than any corps, excepting the Fifth, and more than Sum- 
ner's and Keyes' or Heintzleman's and Keyes' combined. 
They constituted about one-fifteenth of the available army, 
and their loss was more than one-fifth of the whole loss sus- 
tained. 

The loss of the enemy in the Seven Days' is not known 
but from their reckless attacks upon our strong positions 
at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Glendale and Malvern, it 
must have equaled, minus unwounded prisoners, if not 
exceeded, our own. The official reports of two corps com- 
manders show an aggregate of 9,336 killed, wounded and 



124 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

missing;* while other subordinate reports indicate heavy 
losses in other divisions.f 

It seems strange that Lee should have attempted to 
assault our position at Malvern Hill, upon the points he 
did, under any other supposition than that we were cowards, 
ready to run upon a vigorous attack being made. He evi- 
dently, however, did not entertain this opinion, or he would 
not have feared to weaken his force between us and Rich- 
mond, and make a serious demonstration upon our center 
and right while he attacked our left, or have made the main 
assaults upon our right, where our position was not near so 
strong. 

As soon as the battle was over our victorious army began 
to retreat, leaving our dead and most of our wounded upon 
the field. Up to this moment the majority of the army, at 
least of the Reserves, hoped and believed this struggle 
would end in their at least attempting to take Richmond, 
and never for a moment did it enter their heads they were 
not able of successfully coping with the enemy. Knowing 
they were victorious upon every field but one, they could 
not understand what they had to fear from the foe, and 
when the order came at night to retreat, their feelings were 
those of deep indignation and sorrow. 

Even Fitz John Porter's devotion to his chief was tempo- 
rarily shaken, he exclaiming, in deep indignation, "We 
ought rather to pursue the defeated foe than to be shame- 
fully flying from him." General Philip Kearny, surrounded 
by a group of general ofiicers, to whom the order was read, 

Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. 

*Jaekson's corps 9G6 4,417 63 5,446 

A. P. Hill's corps 619 3,271 ... 3,890 

Total 1,585 7,688 63 9,336 

t Confederate Brigadier-General R. S. Ripley, chief of artillery, reports that his 
brigade entered into these fights 2,306 strong, including ambulance corps, of whom 889 
fell at Malvern, and three out of four colonels were killed. Brigadier-General Garland 
reports his loss in all the battles at 844. Brigadier-General Howell Cobb reports that 
his brigade, of Magruder's division, went into battle at Savage Station 2,700 strong, 
whereof but 1,500 appeared on the battle-field of Malvern, where nearly 500 of them 
were killed and wounded. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 125 

exclaimed : " I, Philip Kearny, an old soldier, enter my 
solemn protest against this order for retreat. We ought, 
instead of retreating, to follow up the enemy and take Rich- 
mond. And, in full view of all the responsibility of such a 
declaration, I say to you all, such an order can only be 
prompted by cowardice or treason."* But it was predeter- 
mined to retreat, whether we were victorious or defeated, 
and on the afternoon of the 30th, when the Reserve were 
hurling back the assaults of the enemy at Glendale, the 
advance of the army train reached Harrison's Landing. 

About eleven o'clock that night, the sleepy boys were 
waked up and got into line. Moving on past Haxall's house, 
with sad hearts we wound our way down the hill to the river 
road, along which we marched, passing over Turkey bridge. 
The night was extremely dark, but the road, which for a 
long distance was exceedingly bad, was lit up by thousands 
of candles placed in the trees and bright fires burning upon 
the wayside, which were continually replenished by the 
guards. At daybreak we entered a field of wheat ready for 
cutting, where we lay down and rested for an hour, and then 
moved on. Other troops that followed us rested on portions 
of the same field, until all was trampled under and destroyed. 
It soon after commenced raining, turning the deep dust into 
heavy mud, and in a short time the road was rendered almost 
impassable. But onward the column moved until it crossed 
Cimage creek, and debouched into the open plain of Harri- 
son's Landing. The Reserves were moved to the right, and 
put into a heavy pine woods, where they somewhat sheltered 
themselves by building bough arbors. During the day and 
night the rain descended in torrents, making the kindling 

* General Hooker, before the Committee on the Conduct of the War, testified as 
follows : 

^'■Question— B.&A the defeat of the enemy at Malvern been followed up by our whole 
force, what would have been the probable result? 

^^Ansiuer — Richmond would have been ours beyond a doubt. 

"Question— Instead of that, you fell back to Harrison's Landing? 

"jflnsjyer— Yes, sir. We were ordered to retreat ; and it was like the retreat of a 
whipped army." ********** 



126 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

of fires impossible, but, as the boys had but little to cook, it 
did not matter much. The withdrawal, under General Keyes, 
was effected with no loss, except a few wagons that broke 
down, the rear guard leaving Malvern at ten A.M. on the 
2d of July, and coming into the Landing early the next morn- 
ing. The advance guard of the enemy, who had followed 
upon our rear, posted a few guns and opened with shell upon 
us, to which we soon replied. The Reserves were formed 
about nine A.M. in the open field near the bridge, where 
they stood in mud up to their knees, with shells bursting 
and round shot whistling over their heads until three P.M., 
when they moved to the right, and bivouacked near the 
banks of Herring creek. 

While the "change of base" was being executed, the posi- 
tion at the White House was evacuated. No less than seven 
hundred vessels were in the river at the time, all of which 
were removed under cover of the gun-boats and Stoneman's 
cavalry. 

Thus ended the "Seven Days' Battle,"* which, though 
termed a change of base, was simply a retreat. It was a 
movement of great delicacy, most successfully executed, 
under incessant and determined attacks of an enterprising 
enemy. The forty miles of wagons, the immense artillery 
train, a drove of 2,500 head of cattle, in fact, the army and 
its entire material was successfully transferred with an 
incredible small loss of material. All was conducted with 
order. There was no fear or haste, no hurrying, or smash- 
ing up of wagons; yet there was no moment of repose, no 
opportunity to properly care for the wounded ; and the 
dead, excepting at Mechanicsville, were left unburied. The 
enemy had a perfect knowledge of the roads, paths, bridges, 
and topography of the country, and were well supplied with 
friendly guides. They closely watched every movement, 

* Properly, this should be called the Six Days' Battle, for, to make it seven, the 
advance of M'Clellan's pickets, terminating in the affair at Oak Grove, on the 25th, 
would have to be included, which had no connection with the movement. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 127 

and were enabled to hurl superior numbers on our flank and 
rear, which they did with remorseless impetuosity. While 
an advancing army loses nothing in men and material by 
capture, it is necessarily the reverse with a retreating one, 
which, though it may be successful in every combat, loses 
the advantage of following up its victories, which are trans- 
ferred to the enemy. Though this has a tendency to increase 
the morale of the one, and diminish that of the other, such 
did not appear to be the case with our army, for the men 
went into every battle in most excellent spirits, and with full 
confidence of victory, and, upon our arrival at the Landing, 
they were proud of their achievements, and in good heart, 
and had unbounded confidence in General M'Clellan, and 
would, at any moment during the retreat, or at the Landing, 
fearlessly assumed the aggressive. 

Li regard to the positions of the opposing armies until 
the 28th, both Generals M'Clellan and Lee were deceived. 
M'Clellan supposed the large mass of the enemy lay between 
him and Richmond on his left, while, in fact, only Generals 
Huger's and Magruder's divisions of 25,000 men were south 
of the Chickahominy, in front of 75,000 men. Lee sup- 
posed almost the whole of M'Clellan's army was concen- 
trated on the right of our line north of the river, and that 
we were retreating on our base at the White House, when, 
in fact. Porter, at no time, had barely 35,000 men to oppose 
the desperate efforts of 50,000 rebels. The elaborate and 
powerful defensive works, that cost our army so much delay 
and labor to erect, were never used by us. Throughout the 
whole struggle, the Union and Confederate troops displayed 
upon every field the most desperate bravery and indomit- 
able courage, and learned, by the manly qualities they dis- 
covered, to respect each other. Never upon the field did we 
see or hear of an act of cruelty ; and the testimony of our 
wounded and the surgeons who remained with them, was to 
the universal kindness they received from the privates of the 
enemy. It is to be regretted that the same cannot be said 



128 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

of their officers; aud all united in attesting to the bitter 
animosity and heartlessness shown by the non-combatants 
and civilians. 

After the battle of Glendale, Surgeons James Collins, of 
the Third, and E. Donnelly, of the Second, among others, 
volunteered to remain behind, and take charge of our 
wounded, and from them we subsequently learned many 
interesting facts in regard to their treatment and condition. 
Our wounded were collected on the lawn near Nelson's 
house, by some Confederate privates who volunteered to 
help. They brought them water and divided their scanty 
rations among them. They spoke and acted towards them 
with the greatest kindness, but the sufferings of the poor 
boys were great. With no medicine or stimulants, with a 
scanty supply of water, and the clothing of the boys only 
for bandages, the doctors amputated the limbs and dressed 
the wounds of hundreds who were sinking from loss of 
blood and want of food. No medicine, liquor, food or 
assistance could be obtained from the officials, one of whom, 
a surgeon of the C. S. A., deliberately stole Dr. Donnelly's 
case of instruments when he was half through an operation. 
In two weeks all the wounded who had survived the expos- 
ure and neglect they had been subjected to upon the field 
where they fell, were hauled in army wagons, over corduroy 
roads, to Richmond, a few miles distance. Upon their 
arrival, they were huddled into Libby prison, a loathsome 
hole, foul with the stench of water-closets and the putrifac- 
tion of the bodies in the dead-house underneath, which were 
exposed to their sight through a large open grating in the 
floor, A little medicine was doled out to them. A pittance 
of tainted beef and hard-tack was given each day. Without 
a change of clothing, or blankets to cover themselves with 
at night, or water to wash with in the morning, they were 
huddled together by hundreds ; and this was the treatment 
they received from the insurgent government in their 
capital. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 129 

But the treatment they received from the soldiers was 
universally kind. When we say soldiers, we do not mean the 
guards around the prison, who had never been upon the 
iield, but the men who had fought them, and had learned to 
respect a foe. With these, the boys were all right. On the 
field, when we drove them from positions formerly held by 
us, we found, in many cases, our wounded had been supplied 
with water, and sometimes placed behind logs or trees; and 
at Glendale, when several of the Seventeenth Virginia were 
taken prisoners, although under a heavy fire, they picked up 
and carried oft' some of our wounded. They were cheered 
for this, a compliment very seldom paid to a foe upon the 
battle-field. Many other acts of kindness were frequently 
done upon the field, that showed there was not felt the bit- 
ter animosity and vindictiveness displayed by civilians and 
politicians. At Malvern, the morning after the battle, both 
armies had strong pickets upon the field; and the enemy 
were permitted to remove their wounded, but they fired 
upon our men when they attempted to remove ours. This, 
however, was an absolute military necessity on their part, as 
it was of the utmost importance to conceal from us the extent 
of their disaster, and the demoralization and flight of their 
troops. 

The position we now occupied was a very strong one, and 
in the broad area were collected the whole army, an immense 
amount of stores and ammunition, and vast numbers of 
siege-guns, mortars, etc. At the landing, lay a large fleet 
of vessels, of every size and description. 
9 



130 THE THIBD RESERVE. 



CHAPTER IX. 

Putting the Army into Fighting Order — As Bright as New Dollars 
— Nice Predicament — Visit of the President — Gambling Lieu- 
tenant — Resignations and Promotions — Midnight Shelling — 
The Coles House — Ruffin Fires the First and Last Shot — 
The Young Spy — Hooker's Fight at Malvern Hill — The Ambu- 
lance Corps — M'Call — Reynolds' Sword — Withdrawal of the 
Army — Abandonment of the Campaign — Cause of its Failure. 

GENERAL SEYMOUR, being the only general officer 
left in the Reserves, assumed the command. General 
Meade, being absent, wounded, Colonel Sickels succeeded 
him in command of the Second Brigade; and Lieutenant- 
Colonel Thompson took command of the Third Regiment. 
The Fourth of July, our natal day, was duly celebrated by 
the firing of salutes and the display of flags, among the most 
conspicuous of which were those captured from the enemy. 
General M'Clellan issued a patriotic address to the army, 
which was read at the head of the regiments, and received 
with enthusiastic cheers. Steps were taken at once to reor- 
ganize, equip, and put the army into fighting order again. 
The stragglers soon found their regiments. Upon inspect- 
ing the arms, it was found that, in the same regiments, were 
collected every calibre and pattern known in the service : 
the Springfield, Harper's Ferry, Sharpe's, Burnside, May- 
nard's, Enfield, Tower, Belgium, French, Richmond, Pal- 
metto, etc.; the men who having lost their own, appropri- 
ating their neighbors. When not of the calibre of the reg- 
iment, the}' were turned in, assorted, and re-issued; so that 
each regiment, brigade and division, if possible, would be 
armed alike. Accoutrements, ammunition, and clothing, 
were likewise distributed as fast as received, and, in an 
incredible short time, the whole array was in as good condi- 
tion as ever to meet the enem}-. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 131 

While these matters were occupying the attention of the 
general officers, the great question that agitated the soldier's 
mind was the getting rid of the " grayhacks," who, there 
was every reason to suppose, had domiciled themselves upon 
the person of the patriots, and held them in a ticklish posi- 
tion. As we had destroyed all onr clothing except what we 
stood in, and as soap was an article that could neither be 
bought nor "appropriated," and as clothing was issued by 
piece-meal, it was a task more easily undertaken than accom- 
plished. But what can not an American accomplish ? By 
dint of washing, scrubbing, scouring and constant vigilance, 
the triumph was achieved ; and the boys came out in their 
new uniforms as clean and bright as new dollars. It is a 
matter of impossibility for an army to pass through what we 
did in the summer without being overrun with vermin, and 
a soldier of the Army of the Potomac who declares he never 
had any, did not belong to the Reserves. Early one morn- 
ing, some of the boys determined to go up the creek so far 
that no vermin would be found floating on the water. They 
had carefully kept their clothes up the trees until they got full 
suits. Afraid to trust the precious bundles in their hands, 
they swung them over their shoulders on sticks. Up the 
levee they marched, and finding a nice place, were soon enjoy- 
ing a glorious splash. Soon the well-known whistle of the 
bullet was heard, and they discovered the insurgent pickets 
on the other side. With the creek before them, a swamp 
behind, a long embankment their only means of retreat, and 
their clothes out of reach, they found themselves in a pretty 
predicament. Lying behind the embankment stripped, with 
the scorching rays of the sun pouring down upon them, soon 
became uninteresting; and to save themselves from broiling, 
they rolled in the mud and tried baking. This operation, 
renewed as soon as the mud commenced cracking on them, 
formed the principal feature of their amusement until dark- 
ness covered their retreat; but it killed the vermin. 



132 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

On the 8th, President Lincoln visited the array, and, on 
account of the hard service we had lately gone through, 
declined a review, but rode along the lines of the divisions, 
which were drawn up to receive him. He was most enthusi- 
astically cheered by the troops, honoring the chief who had 
pledged himself to preserve us a nation, regardless of cost 
or sacrifice. 

On the morning of the 14th, we moved our camp about 
two miles, near to Evlington Heights, on the right of our 
line. Here we occupied a broad, open plain, near the creek, 
where the men could enjoy most excellent bathing. As 
good water was scarce, every regiment dug a fine, deep 
well, from which they obtained a bountiful supply of cool 
water. Sibley tents were issued, and our rations brought up 
to the full standard, with cabbage, beets, onions, and other 
vegetables in addition, brought by the Sanitary Commis- 
sion. Division guard-mounting, company and battalion 
drills, and dress-parades, were ordered. Several reviews, by 
Generals M'Clellan and Seymour, took place; the sutlers 
arrived, and letters and newspapers were received daily. 

The morals of an army are never so good in camp as on 
the march. While here. General Seymour issued stringent 
orders against gambling, which was indulged in by the 
unwary for excitement, and by the unprincipled sharps to 
fleece them. We knew of a young lieutenant, of a neigh- 
boring regiment, who, in a few days after the paymaster 
came, invariably gambled away his two months' pay, and, at 
the end of three years' hard service, was mustered out in 
debt to the sutler and all his comrades of whom he could 
borrow, and with hardly clothes upon his back. 

On the 19th, the United States truce steamer Louisiana 
came down the river from City Point, loaded with paroled 
Union prisoners from Richmond, among whom were Cap- 
tain William Brian, and Lieutenants Roberts and Lehman. 
Also, a large number of the boys, most of whom were sent 
North to the hospitals. Doctor Collins, the eflicient surgeon 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 133 

of the Third, who had remained with the wounded, also 
came, and was welcomed. All bore testimony of the kind- 
ness of the privates and cruelty of the officials of the Con- 
federate Government. While here, some of the officers and 
men were prostrated from exhaustion, and much sickness of 
a mild nature prevailed, caused by their systems being over- 
taxed. Nearly two hundred officers and men, out of five 
hundred and seventy-one present, were sick or in quarters, 
at one time, in the Third. Lieutenant-Colonel William S. 
Thompson, a gallant officer, was forced to resign on account 
of ill health. He subsequently entered the naval service, 
and was killed in action, April 19th, 1865. The Rev. George 
H. Frear, the most excellent and good chaplain, also resigned 
with much regret, on the same account. Captain William 
D. Curtis, Company B; First Lieutenant Jacob Lehman, 
Company A; Second Lieutenants Sebastian Eckle, Com- 
pany A; George H. Lindsey, Company E; and Edward K. 
Mull, Company F, all brave, efficient, and faithful officers, 
were also forced to resign on account of their health. 
Assistant Surgeon Henry S. Colston, about the same time, 
was promoted Surgeon of the Eighty-first Regiment, Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers; and Captain Joseph Thomas, Company 
H, one of the most intelligent officers and disciplinarians in 
the regiment, resigned, to accept the position of Surgeon in 
the One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers. 

An order having been issued, by General Seymour, dis- 
continuing elections for officers in the Reserve corps, and 
directing vacancies to be filled from the officers and men 
who, by faithful and gallant conduct, were deserving of it. 
Colonel Sickels took great pains to ascertain the opinion of 
his command upon these points before selecting the names 
of those to forward to fill the vacancies occasioned by the 
resignations. 

The following promotions were accordingly made, which 
gave great satisfaction to all : 

Captain John Clark, Company E, to be Lieutenant- 
Colonel. 



134 THE THIBD RESERVE. 

Captain William Briner, Company D, to be Major. 

Company A — Second Lieutenant Michael Walters, to be 
First Lieutenant; Amos W. Seitzinger, to be Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

Company B — First Lieutenant George C. Davenport, to 
be Captain ; First Sergeant F. Gilbert Nicholson, to be 
First Lieutenant. 

Company D — First Lieutenant Florentine H. Straub, to 
be Caf)tain; Second Lieutenant Andrew J. Stetson, to be 
First Lieutenant; First Sergeant Jacob V. Shilling, to be 
Second Lieutenant. 

Company E — First Lieutenant Robert Johnston, to be 
Captain ; First Sergeant Thomas H. Bamford, to be Second 
Lieutenant; Sergeant Edwin A. Glenn, to be Second Lieu- 
tenant. 

Company F — Henry S. Moulton, to be Second Lieutenant. 

Company H — First Lieutenant Benjamin F. Fisher, to be 
Captain ; Second Lieutenant J. B. Bartholomew, to be First 
Lieutenant; First Sergeant William M'Carty, to be Second 
Lieutenant. 

About the same time. Doctors Samuel L. Orr, of Phila- 
delphia, and George J. Rice, of Bucks county, were assigned 
to the regiment as Assistant Surgeons. 

A little after midnight on the Ist of August, the rebel 
General French, with forty-three guns, approached stealth- 
ily to Coggin's Point and Coles House, opposite our encamp- 
ment, and opened a heavy fire upon us and the shipping. 
The shells and round shot exploded and flew around camp 
in the most lively manner, creating great excitement among 
the "contrabands," who entertained a mortal dread of "them 
rotten shot." The majority of the boys, taking a philosoph- 
ical view of the matter, considered themselves about as safe 
in one place as another, and did not disturb themselves from 
their blankets, while others, of a more excitable nature, 
after admiring the pyrotechnical display for a time, lighted 
their candles and went to playing cards. In about a half- 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 135 

hour our guns silenced their fire, and, before daylight, 
French decamped, leaving three dead, a disabled caisson, 
and flag behind. Our loss was ten killed and fifteen 
wounded. No harm was done to the shipping. The next 
morning, the Coles House, which had been a rendezvous for 
the enemy, was destroyed, and our troops took possession 
of the point. The following day. Colonel Sickel was ordered 
over with detachments from his own regiment and the 
Eighth, numbering some eight hundred men. Having 
established his pickets, he advanced to the house of Hon. 
Edmun Ruffin, who fired the first and last shot of the war. 
The first was at Sumter, and the last at his own head. 
Here were discovered some insurgent cavarly, but they left 
without firing a shot. Seventeen mules were captured, and a 
number of important letters, which the command brought 
over the next day. The boys secured an abundance of fruit, 
vegetables and chickens. Details were continued daily, 
entrenchments thrown up, and some heavy guns put in 
position. 

One day our detail brought in a civilian, who attempted 
to run through the pickets. He was an intelligent young 
Virginian, who crossed the river with them in the morning, 
representing himself as being connected with the commissary 
department, and appeared perfectly at home with the men. 
When taken, he was on horse-back, and tried hard to escape. 
He showed considerable bitterness against his captors, 
appeared indifferent as to what they might do with him, and, 
although annoyed at his capture, an expression of concealed 
fun was, in unguarded moments, caught lurking in his bright 
eyes. He was turned over to the provost-marshal. The next 
day he crossed again with a squadron of cavalry, from whom 
he managed to slip, and, despite their efforts, escaped. We 
afterwards learned he was a Union spy. 

Upon information received from Washington, that deserters 
had reported the enemy moving southward of the James, 
leaving but a small force in Richmond, Ceneral Hooker was 



136 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

ordered with liis own division and Pleasanton's cavalry to 
advance upon Malvern Hill. Through the incompetency of 
his guides, Hooker's first attempt miscarried, but the next 
night, with Sedgwick's* division to re-enforce him, he turned 
the hill, and drove the enemy up the river road towards 
Richmond. Our loss was three killed and eleven wounded. 
The enemy's was heavier, beside one hundred prisoners. 
Colonel Averill, with part of the cavalry, pushed on to 
White Oak bridge, driving thence the Eighteenth Virginia 
Cavalry, killing and wounding several, and capturing twenty- 
eight men and horses. Hooker encamped on Malvern that 
night, and on the 7th returned to camp. While this move- 
ment was being made, the Reserves were held in readiness 
to support it. 

The regimental bands were mustered out on the 6th, a 
late act of Congress providing for brigade bands only. On 
the same day, an ambulance corps for each army corps was 
organized, on the basis of a captain for each army corps ; a 
first lieutenant for each division; a second lieutenant for each 
brigade, and a sergeant for each regiment. One transport 
cart, one four-horse and two two-horse ambulances for each 
regiment, each provided with two stretchers, and having a 
driver and two men. Sergeant Frederick R. Barth, Company 
H, was detailed for this service. About this time, Lieuten- 
ants Samuel La Rue and John Staunton, Sergeants John F. 
Bender, John H. T. Christien, Benjamin D. Henning, James 
E. M'Masters and George W. Unruh, Corporals Charles H. 
Loper and Franklin Tressel, and Privates Robert Clark, 
Nathan S. Harkuess and John W. Yeich, were detailed to 
go to Pennsylvania on recruiting service. 

On the 7th, "Old Greenback," the paymaster, Major John 
M. Pomeroy, arrived in camp, and paid oft" the regiment. 
On the 8th, Doctors Howard and William Trego, Edward 

* Major General John Sedgwick, of Conn., was thrice badly wounded at Antietam, 
and killed at Spottsylvania Court House, May 9th, 18G4, while placing some of his guns, 
and bantering some of his men, who winced at the singing of rebel bullets. He was 
struck In the head by a rifle ball and instantly killed. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 137 

Hutchinson, Jacob A. Cadwallader, and George Worstall, of 
the Sanitary Commission, visited the lieserves, to look after 
the health of the soldiers. Steamers laden with vegetables, 
etc., the generous donations of citizens, were constantly 
arriving at the landing. 

On the 13th, Generals M'Call and Reynolds arrived from 
Richmond, and the Reserves paraded to receive them. 
Their reception was most enthusiastic, the bands playing, 
the boys cheering, and throwing their hats in the air. They 
addressed a few words to the men, thanking them for the 
hearty reception, and assuring them they would rejoin the 
division as soon as their health permitted. But the severity 
of the campaign, auc' the close confinement in Libby prison, 
had so seriously impaired M'Call's health, that he proceeded 
home to obtain the medical care he so much needed. This 
separation was final between the general and the division? 
every officer and man of which respected, honored and 
loved him. It was he who organized, disciplined and 
brought to that high state of efficiency the division, which 
rendered them so efficient in the field, and won for them a 
proud and glorious name wherever the story of our war was 
read. In a few weeks he became satisfied he would never 
again be able to lead us on, and not wishing to obstruct the 
promotion of others in this hour of the nation's trial, he 
tendered his resignation. The citizens of Chester county, 
where he resided, soon after his return home presented him 
with an elegant sword, in testimony of their appreciation of 
his services in the field. 

General Reynolds succeeded to the command of the 
Reserves. The night he arrived the sergeants of his bri- 
gade met and resolved to raise a subscription among them- 
selves and the men to present him a sword. The money 
was freely given, and placed in the hands of the author to 
procure the gift. It coming to the knowledge of the gen- 
eral, he refused to receive it, but being assured that it came 
from the men only, that there was no axe to grind, and 



138 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

that no officer would attempt to make capital out of it, he 
consented. The sword was procured ; a magnificent and 
costly one, studded with diamonds and gems of the purest 
water. It was borne from Fairfax Station to the field of 
Gettysburg. A note was addressed to the general, request- 
ing him, in the lull of battle, to receive the gift direct from 
the boys, but ere that hour came Reynolds passed in glory 
to inmiortality. 

About the same time, orders were received to pack our knap- 
sacks and label each with the owner's name, and send them 
down to the landing to be shipped in charge of the quarter- 
master's sergeant to Alexandria. Orders were also received 
to have three days' cooked rations in haversacks and five in 
bulk, and be prepared to move. On the 30th of July, 
Major-General H. W. Halleck, commanding United States 
army, issued orders for the shipment of all the sick from 
Harrison's Landing to the north, who at that time numbered 
about 12,500 men. 

It having been determined to withdraw the army from 
Harrison's Landing to Acquia Creek, orders for the same were 
received on the 4th of August. The reasons that led to 
this determination were, that at that time General M'Clel- 
lan's army numbered but ninety thousand effective men, 
and the army of General Pope, charged with covering 
Washington, numbered but thirty-eight thousand. The 
former was twenty-five miles from Richmond, and the latter 
about eighty or ninety miles from Washington, while 
between them were the enemy, who, according to M'Clel- 
lan's estimate, numbered over two hundred thousand men. 
This would enable the enemy to fall with his superior num- 
bers upon one or the other, as he might elect, without either 
being able to re-enforce the other in case of attack. It was in 
the enemy's power at any time to exchange Richmond for 
Washington, and while the loss of their capital would be 
seriously felt by them, the loss of Washington to us, in the 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 139 

then state of our foreign relations, would be conclusive, or 
nearly so, in its results upon the war. 

General M'Clellan most earnestly protested against the 
withdrawal of his army, he contending that the true defence 
of Washington was on the banks of the James river. He 
asked for re-enforcements to the extent of 35,000 men, but 
the Government had but 26,000 east of the AUeghenies, 
exclusive of those under Pope and at Fortress Monroe. 
General Halleck, in writing to General M'Clellan, says : * 
* * "In regard to the demoralizing efiect of a withdrawal 
from the Peninsula to the Rappahannock, I must remark 
that a large number of your highest officers — indeed, a 
majority of those whose opinions have been reported to me 
— are decidedly in favor of the movement." * * * Sub- 
sequent events proved the absolute necessity of withdrawing 
the army from the Peninsula. 

It having been ascertained that the enemy were moving 
North in force, Jackson entering Gordousville on the 19th 
of July, General M'Clellan, in obedience to orders from 
Washington, embarked five batteries for Acquia Creek, 
where Burnside had landed with infantry only on the 3d of 
August. On the 13th, the enemy, in anticipation of an 
advance on Richmond, burnt the wharves at City Point. 

General M'Clellan intended to move his entire army by 
water, from the Landing, but repeated and urgent messages 
from Washington induced him to move the bulk of his 
troops by land to Fortress Monroe, and on the 14th, Por- 
ter's and Heintzleraan's corps, preceded by Averill's cav- 
alry, marched, via Jones' bridge and Barrett's Ferry, down 
the Peninsula. The other troops followed, and General 
M'Clellan, with the rear-guard, breaking camp on the 16th, 
crossed the Chickahominy two days afterwards. The move- 
ment was covered by General Pleasanton, with his cavalry 
and horse artillery, he remaining at Haxall's, near Malvern, 
until the array had passed Charles City Court House. Por- 
ter's corps embarked at Newport News on the 20th. The 



140 1HE THIRD RESERVE. 

rest of the army there, at Yorktown and Fortress Monroe; 
M'Clellau and staff leaving the latter point on the 23d, and 
arriving at Acquia Creek the next day. 

Thus ended the ever-memorable and unfortunate cam- 
paign of the magnificent Army of the Potomac on the 
Peninsula. Ten severely-contested and sanguinary battles 
had been fought, besides numerous smaller engagements. 
The men submitted to privations, exposures, sickness, and 
even death, without a murmur, and never was a government 
more cheerfully or devotedly served than our own was by 
this army. Its failure was undoubtedly caused by the fact 
that the enemy nearly always chose the time and place of 
battle, and, though uniformly inferior in aggregate numbers, 
usually managed to bring the larger force into action — 
fighting two-thirds to three-fourths of his entire strength 
against one-fourth to one-half of ours. Our chief, though 
incessantly calling for re-enforcements, never succeeded in 
bringing nearly all the troops he already had into action at 
any one time. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 141 



CHAPTER X. 

The Reserves to the Relief of Pope — Embarkation of the Third — 
AcQuiA Creek — Falmouth — Banks at Cedar Mountain — Pope's 

' Movements — Arrival of General Meade — To Rappahannock 
Station — The First to Join Pope — Warrenton — March — Skir- 
mish — Second Bull Run — Fighting of the 28Tn — King's Battle 
— RiCKETTs' Combat — Topography of Manassas Plains — Fight- 
ing of the 29th — Jackson's and Longstreet's Position — The 
Joint Order — Pope's Mistake — M'Dowell and Porter— Ma- 
noeuvre — Hard Fighting — Charge a Battery — The 30th — Two 
Days without Food — The Position of the Armies — Reserves 
Skirmishing — Discovery of the Thunderbolt — Pope's Plan of 
Battle — Pope's Fatal Blunder — The Reserves Seize Henrys 
Hill — Glorious Charge — Incessant Assaults — The Bridge 
Saved — Orderly Withdrawal — Strength of the Armies — 
Cause of the Loss of the Battle — General Porter's Case — 
Centrevillb — Picket — Battle of Chantilly — Runaway School- 
Girls. 

BUT to return to the movements of the Third. Pope was 
being overwhelmed by the the entire rebel array under 
Lee, and urgently called for help. The Reserves were at once 
put on steamers and pushed to his relief. At four o'clock 
on the afternoon of the 11th of August, the Third formed 
and moved to the landing, where they lay until evening, 
when they embarked aboard the steamers Hero and Secor, 
and, bidding farewell to the scenes of their glory, passed 
down the river and came to anchor about midnight. Early 
the next morning, they again got under way, passing the 
standing masts of the frigates Cumberland and Congress, 
that sunk gloriously fighting to the death the ironclad Mer- 
rimac* Rounding Fortress Monroe, they steamed into the 
bay and headed northward. In the afternoon a violent rain 

*Mareh 8th, 1862. The Merrimac was commanded by Admiral Frank Buchanan, 
who was wounded, and was destroyed three days afterwards by order of Commodore 
Tatnall. 



142 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

and hail storm occurred, roughing the bay and cascading 
some of the men. At nine P.M., they came to anchor near 
the mouth of the Potomac. Early the next morning (the 
13th), they proceeded up the river to Acquia Creek, where 
they arrived about eight o'clock, and, debarking during the 
afternoon, were transferred to cars and conveyed opposite 
Fredericksburg, near their old camping-ground of the pre- 
ceding May. Here they occupied the tents left standing by 
M'Dowell's troops. 

General John Pope was, on the 26th of June, the day of 
the battle of Mechauicsville, assigned to the command of 
the " Army of Virginia," consisting of the corps of Major- 
Generals M'Dowell, Fremont* and Banks. His command 
consisted of about 40,000 disposable troops, scattered from 
Fredericksburg to Winchester, and he was charged with 
the covering of Washington, the Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
road, and to make a diversion in favor of M'CIellan, by 
threatening Richmond from the north. On the 16th of 
July, Ewell, with a division of Lee's army, entered Gordons- 
ville. On the 7th of August, all the infantry and artillery 
of Pope's army, amounting to 28,000 men, were assembled 
along the turnpike from Sperryville to Culpepper, except- 
ing King's division, which was opposite Fredericksburg. 
The cavalry pickets extended on the right from the Blue 
Ridge on the Rapidan, down the same until they joined 
King's, at its junction with the Rappahannock. 

On the 9th, General Banksf was ordered to move forward 
to Cedar or Slaughter Mountain, and re-enforce Crawford'sJ 
brigade in its strong position, and hold the enemy in check. 
Banks, however, left this position late in the day, and 
advanced at least a mile, throwing his whole force of, as he 

* Fremont was relieved at his own request, as he considered Pope his junior; and 
General Frank Sigel succeeded him. 

t Ex-Governor of Massachusetts. Speaker of the XXXIVth Congress. 

iS. W.Crawford, wounded at Antietam. Subsequently, commander of the Reserves. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 143 

supposed, 14,000 men* into action against Jackson's 20,000, 
strongly posted, and sheltered by woods and ridges. This 
advance was everywhere swept by the fire of the enemy's 
artillery and infantry, concealed in the woods and ravines 
beyond. The battle lasted about an hour and a half, during 
which our troops did all that troops could do for victory, but 
the odds was too heavy against them, and they were driven 
back to their former position with heavy loss. About this 
time, Kicketts' division came up, and General Pope arrived 
upon the field, and drew in Banks' too extended lines, and 
the enemy were driven back. An artillery fight was kept 
up until midnight. Sigel's corps, in the meantime, arrived, 
and were pushed in abreast of Eicketts. Both sides suf- 
fered severely, our loss being estimated at 1,800, and the 
enemy acknowledged that of 1,314, including General C. S. 
Winder, two colonels and one major killed. 

In this battle General Geary ,f with five Ohio regiments 
and the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, made the most desper- 
ate charge of the day, and was himself severely wounded 
with most of his officers..]; 

Before daylight the next morning, Jackson withdrew his 
forces two miles, and clung to the mountains and woods 
until the night of the 11th, when he fell back across the 
Rapidan, in the direction of Gordonsville, leaving many of 
his dead and wounded on the field. General Pope was sub- 
sequently re-enforced by General King's division, from Fred- 
ericksbug, and by Reno, with 8,000 of Burnside's army, and 
advanced again to the Rapidan and Robinson's rivers. His 
cavalry having captured the adjutant of I. E. B. Stuart, 

■■■General Pope, in his oflBcial report, says : " The consolidated report of General 
Banks' corps, received some days previously (to the battle), exhibited an effective force 
of something over 14,000 men. It appeared subsequently, however, thatGeneral Banks' 
force at that time did not exceed 8,000 men." 

fJohn W. Geary, an officer of the Mexican War, Alcalde of San Francisco, Governor 
of Kansas, Colonel of the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and twice Governor 
of Pennsylvania. 

JGreeley's American Conflict, Vol. II, page 177. 



144 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

with a letter from General Lee, dated August 15th, that 
clearly indicated the whole of the insurgent array was rap- 
idly assembling to overwhelm him, he held fast to his posi- 
tion to the last, so as to afibrd time for the arrival of 
M'Clellan's army, and on the 18th commenced retreating 
across the Rappahannock, which he accomplished without 
loss early on the 20th. The insurgents followed closely, and 
after three days' skirmishing at Rappahannock Station and 
Kelly's Ford, without any prospect of success, commenced 
moving up the stream, intending to turn our right. 

On the morning of the 16th, Colonel Sickel received intel- 
ligence that a force of rebel cavalry had crossed the river, 
during the night, some distance above, and were moving 
towards Potomac bridge, on the Fredericksburg and Acquia 
Creek railroad, to cut our communication. He at once dis- 
patched Major Briner, with companies D, H, and K, for its 
protection. The same day, the Sixth Reserves arrived; and 
the next, General Meade, who, having sufficiently recovered 
from his wounds, came into camp. He was received with 
loud cheers by the men, and the regiments paraded under 
arms. He assumed command of his brigade, which was 
now the First. The old First became the Second, under 
General Seymour, and General Jackson took command of 
the Third. The Reserves were now transferred to M'Dow- 
ell's corps. On the 2l8t, General Reynolds and staff, and all 
the Reserves excepting the Second Regiment,* having arrived, 
they moved forward towards Kelly's Ford. That night, at 
nine o'clock, with three days' rations in the haversacks, the 
Third marched through Falmouth, and moved up the river, 
on the Bealton road. The night was dark and stormy, and 
after marching five miles they lay down along the road-side 
and slept. Early the next morning they moved on, halting 



* The Second was the last of the Reserves to leave Harrison's Landing. On arriv- 
ing at Falmouth, on the 22d, Colonel M'Candless moved up the river, and by the night 
of the next day was within four miles of Rappahannock Station. Learning our troops 
had abandoned that point, he pushed through the enemy's country, and, after a hard 
and perilous march, rejoined the division, at Warrenton, on the night of the 26th. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 145 

for breakfast about eight o'clock. This day the boys, for 
the first time that season, met with fruit, aud although it 
was green, and the}' were suffering much from diarrhoea 
they could not restrain their appetites from enjoying the 
luxury, and, contrary to all expectation, it proved a most 
effectual remedy, their systems being disposed to scurvy, and 
the acid of the fruit acting as an antidote. Passing by Hart- 
wood, they halted at the Grove Churches for dinner. The 
march was long and wearisome, but the booming of the 
guns, that came rolling down the river, quickened their 
steps, and near sundown they reached Barnetts' Ford. It 
soon set in to rain, and the men suffered much with the wet 
and cold, being without blankets, as the Reserve had nothing 
but what they stood in, except muskets and cartridge-boxes. 
Early the next morning, the 23d, they were again in motion, 
and near noon reached Rappahannock Station, being the 
first of the Army of the Potomac to join General Pope. A 
sharp artillery duel was progressing, and our troops had 
commenced falling back. Leaving our friends, the light 
artillery pounding away at the enemy, who were not the 
least backward in responding, we moved on early in the 
afternoon, and bivouacked in the rain, after dark, near War- 
renton Junction, on the Alexandria railroad. The next 
morning, the 24th, they moved off early, the day proving 
oppressively hot and the roads hilly. With but few and 
short halts for rest and water, they pressed on, and about 
noon saw the spires of Warrenton, near which they halted 
for a while, when, moving, passed through the town and 
about two miles down the Waterloo pike, where they 
bivouacked in a wood and lay in readiness to support Gen- 
eral Sigel, who was flirting with the rebs, some distance 
beyond. The next day they received rations, which they 
had done without the day before, and during it and the suc- 
ceeding day, were kept in readiness to move, the sound of 
artillery, as usual, being heard in different directions. 
10 



146 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

General Pope's army about this time, the 24th, occupied 
Warrenton Sulphur Springs and Waterloo Bridge, on the 
Rappahannock, and faced west from thence to Warrenton 
and Manassas Junction. Sigel's corps and Buford's cavalry 
were at Waterloo Bridge; Banks' corps, behind them; 
Reno's, near Sulphur Springs; M'Dowell's near Warrenton, 
and Porter between Kelly's Ford and Falmouth. 

While Longstreet attracted Pope's attention in front, 
Stonewall Jackson, " whose force amounted to something 
more than 25,000, besides Stuart's cavalry, numbering 6,000 
men," [A. H. Guernsey's (rebel) paper, in the New York 
World, July 5th, 1866,] crossed the Rappahannock above 
Waterloo Bridge, on the 25th, and, moving northeastwardly, 
passed through Thoroughfare Gap, and, turning to the south- 
east, before dark the next day, the 26th, struck the Alex- 
andria railroad at Bristoe Station, thus placing himself 
between Pope and Washington. The same night he dis- 
patched Generals Stuart and Trimble to Manassas Junction, 
which they surprised. Here they captured a large amount 
of stores and other property, which they destroyed. 

Early the next morning, the 27th, they drove Colonel 
Scammon across Bull Run creek at Union Mills, and raided 
along the railroad, burning and capturing unopposed up to 
Fairfax and Burke's Stations. General Taylor,* with the 
First, Second, Third and Fourth New Jersey Infantry, of 
Franklin's corps, hastened by railroad to meet them, but 
was quickly routed, and himself mortally wounded, by 
Jackson, who had arrived with his own and A. P. Hill's 
division, comprising ten brigades and twelve batteries. 

Jackson's success so far was complete, but his position 
was very critical. He was now between Pope and Wash- 
ington, and, if General Pope could concentrate his superior 
force before Lee, with the balance of his army arrived, 
Jackson would be crushed and overwhelmed. General 
Pope ordered M'Dowell to march and reach Gainesville by 



♦George W. Taylor, New Jersey. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 147 

the night of the 27th, and Reno and Ileintzleman to move 
by Greenwich and the railroad and join his right, and Por- 
ter to push for Gainesville as soon as Banks arrived at War- 
reuton Junction. 

On the morning of the 27th, the Reserves marched 
through Warrcnton, past New Baltimore, and towards dark 
bivouacked at Buckland Mills, where Broad Run crossed the 
Warrenton pike, and lay under arms all night. The insurgent 
Jackson the day before crossed the pike near here, moving 
from Thoroughfare Gap to Bristoe Station. In the after- 
noon we heard Hooker's guns to our right, he encountering 
Ewell, whom Jackson had loft at Bristoe, four miles west of 
it, and drove him towards Manassas Junction, he leaving 
his dead, wounded and baggage on the field. The same 
night General Pope ordered Fitz John Porter to move at 
one A.M. on the 28th to Manassas Junction, and M'Dowell 
to press forward at the earliest dawn to the same point. 

The Second Bull Run, or Plain of Manassas, August 
28th, 29th and 30th, 1862. 

At three o'clock on the morning of the 28th we were 
under arms and commenced our march, with batteries ready 
to be thrown into position, and a strong line of skirmishers 
on the left and front. After passing Gainesville, and while 
on the Warrenton and Alexandria turnpike, about ten o'clock, 
the head of the column was opened upon by a rebel battery, 
posted on the hills to our front and left. The column was 
immediately deployed and Cooper's rifles brought to bear 
upon them, under cover of which General Meade ordered 
Sickel to deploy his regiment and feel their support. The 
Third advanced rapidly up the ascent, and, after a brisk skir- 
mish, drove the enemy from their position. During this 
affair a shell exploded in the midst of the Eighth, killing 
two men and wounding six others. Adjutant Swearenger 
lost a leg and had his horse killed under him. We then 
resumed our march, striking across the country toward 



148 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Manassas Junction, where the enemy was supposed to be, 
but Jackson, who was not easily caught napping, had evac- 
uated that position early the previous night, marching 
toward Centreville and Sudley Spring. 

General Pope reached the junction at noon. General 
Kearny, followed by Hooker and later by Reno, moved 
towards Centreville, the advance of the former, near dark, 
coming in contact with the rear of some of Jackson's forces, 
the main body of which had taken a position on the unfin- 
ished railroad between Groveton and Sudley Spring, there 
to await the arrival of Longstreet, who was expected through 
Thoroughfare Gap. King's division of M'Dowell's corps, 
moving on the Warrenton pike toward Centreville, where 
Pope still thought Jackson was, was attacked about 6:30 
P.M. byEwell's division of Jackson's force. Gibbon's Bri- 
gade and two regiments of Doubleday's Brigade were 
engaged, and a sanguinary combat ensued, lasting until 
after nine o'clock. 

When we heard the thunder of this conflict, we were near 
Bethlehem Church, and turning to the left, took the Sudley 
Spring road toward the Warrenton pike. We had already 
marched many long and weary hours, but, tired and exhaus- 
ted, we pressed on until the musket firing became distinct, 
the flashes seen and the mingled voices of the combatants 
heard. .Darkness put an end to the fight. After marching 
eighteen hours and twenty-four miles, many without any- 
thin o- to eat, we stretched our wearied limbs upon the grass 
to sleep. 

At the time this combat was progressing, Ricketts' divis- 
ion and the cavalry, in all about ten thousand strong, which 
had been sent early in the day, by General M'Dowell with- 
out orders, to block Thoroughfare Gap, encountered Long- 
street's corps, which had reached the Gap at three o'clock 
that afternoon. As Longstreet had no time to lose, he 
paid little attention to his repulse, but hurled his battalions 
on his opponent. Ricketts did not make the stubborn resist. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 149 

ance the circumstances required, but commenced retreating 
in the dark. 

Ricketts moved to Bristoe, and King, with about nine 
thousand men, withdrew to Manassas Junction, both fearing 
being crushed between Longstreet and Jackson. Thus the 
Warrenton pike was left unobstructed and the juncture of 
these two forces unopposed. This was the critical hour of 
the battle. 

That the reader may more fully understand the operations 
of the field, we will endeavor to give a general idea of the 
topography of the region, and of the position of the con- 
tending forces. The Bull Run mountains run nearly north 
and south, and are cloven by two gaps. Thoroughfare and 
Hopewell, about three miles apart. Jackson had marched 
up the western side of this range, crossed it at Thoroughfare 
Gap, and swooped down upon Pope's rear. Longstreet was 
following upon the same track. From the mountains, the 
country slopes eastward towards Bull Run river, the dis- 
tance between the mountains and the river at the Stone 
Bridge being ten or twelve miles. The intervening plain, 
known as that of Manassas, is wooded and often rugged. 
The Warrenton turnpike crosses this plain from northeast 
to southwest; the Manassas Gap railroad crosses it from 
southeast to northwest; the railroad and turnpike intersect 
each other at Gainesville, a village about midway between 
the mountains and river. Let the letter sx serve to rep- 
resent these features. The line running downwards from the 
left to right stands for the railroad ; that running upwards 
from left to right, the turnpike. The upper left-hand corner 
is Thoroughfare Gap; the upper right-hand corner ia the 
Stone Bridge ; the lower right-hand corner is Manassas Junc- 
tion, five miles distant from the bridge. At the intersection 
of the two lines is Gainesville. Just below the turnpike, a 
mile from the Stone Bridge, is the first Bull Run battle-field ; 
just above it, two miles further west, is that of the second 
Bull Run, more properly called Groveton, from a hamlet 



150 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

there situated. In fact, both battle-fields cross the turnpike, 
but the first was mainly below, the second mainly above. 
The distances, as closely as can be measured upon the large 
government map, are : Thoroughfare Gap to Gainesville, 
five miles; Gainesville to Groveton, four miles; Groveton 
to Stone Bridge, three miles; Manassas to Gainesville, seven 
miles. 

On the morning of the 29th, Jackson, with 25,000 men, 
was drawn up, his right at Groveton, his line extending 
northward about two miles. Directly in his front was half 
of Pope's force, under Reynolds, Sigel, Heintzleman and 
Eeno, 25,000 strong. The other half, of nearly equal 
strength, under M'Dowell and Porter, lay along the Man- 
assas railroad from the Junction part way to Gainesville. 
General Pope, who was at Centreville, felt he had Jackson 
sure within his grasp, surrounded by 50,000 men, and that 
he could crush him before Longstreet's arrival. Pope, how- 
ever, was greatly deceived, as Lougstreet, in a letter dated 
Coflinville, Mississippi, September 23d, 1866, [papers, etc., 
furnished by the Committee on Military Affairs of the 
Senate, p. 471,] states: "My command arrived within 
supporting distance of Jackson's command about nine A.M., 
29th August, near Groveton." 

General Pope, at 10:30 that morning, not knowing the 
positions of either Jackson or Longstreet, sent the following 
order, No. 26. 

" Headquarters Army of Virginia, 1 
" Centreville, August 29th, 1862. j 

" Generals M'Dowell and Porter : You will please move 
forward with your joint commands towards Gainesville. I 
sent General Porter written orders to that effect an hour 
and a half ago. Heintzleman, Sigel and Reno are moving 
on the Warrenton turnpike, and must now be not far from 
Gainesville. I desire that, as soon as communication is 
established between this force and your own, the whole com- 
mand shall halt. It may be necessary to fall back behind 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 151 

Bull Kuu, at Ceiitreville, to-night. I presume it will be so, 
on account of our supplies. I have sent no orders of any 
description to Ricketts, and none to interfere in any way with 
the movements of M'Dowell's troops, except what I sent by 
his aid-de-camp last night, which were to hold his position on 
the Warrenton pike until the troops from here should fall upon 
the enemy's flank and rear. I do not even know Kicketts' 
position, as I have not been able to find out where M'Dowell 
was until a late hour this morning. General M'Dowell will 
take immediate steps to communicate with General Ricketts, 
and instruct him to rejoin the other divisions of his corps as 
soon as practicable. If any considerable advantages are to 
be gained by departing from this order, it will not be strictly 
carried out. One thing must be held in view, that the troops 
must occupy a position from which they can reach Bull Run 
to-night, or by morning. The indications are that the whole 
force of the enemy is moving in this direction at a pace that 
will bring them here by to-morrow night or next day. My 
own headquarters will be for the present with Heintzleman's 
corps, or at this place. 

"John Pope, 

"Major-General Commanding." 

This order, and a subsequent one, dated 4:30 P.M., direct- 
ing Porter to march on Jackson's right flank, were based 
upon the erroneous supposition that Longstreet was fully 
twenty-four hours distant ; that Jackson's corps was the only 
body to be encountered ; that the Union force was con- 
sequently nearly double that of the Confederates ; whereas, 
the juncture of the enemy had been completed some hours 
before, " giving them a preponderance of three to tw'o." 
[A. H. Guernsey's (rebel) paper. New York World^ July 3d, 
1866.] M'Dowell, by virtue of his rank as senior general, 
took command of the whole force, and in some measure 
annulled the joint order, by separating the forces. Both he 
and Porter deviated from the order. M'Dowell, instead or 
moving west towards Gainesville, withdrew King's division 



152 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

from Porter, and, uniting Ricketts' division with it, marched 
towards Groveton. The propriety of his doing so does not 
appear to have been questioned. Porter, being left b}' 
M'Dowell with Longstreet in his immediate front, remained 
in his position, holding the superior force of the enemy in 
check, and, by inviting attack or by threatening it, kept him 
from going against General Pope's scattered army. By this 
action he was rendering the most efficient aid in his power 
to the Union armj^ He has been blamed for not attacking 
Longstreet. If M'Dowell with the joint commands had 
attacked Longstreet, a general battle would have at once 
been brought on, and, with Pope's army not in hand, and 
with the enemy in position to place themselves between 
the two wings of it, the result, undoubtedly, would have 
been most disastrous. 

Early on the morning of the 29th, the Reserves were 
formed and moved forward to meet the enemy. They were 
now separated from M'Dowell and the rest of his command, 
and were acting under the orders of Sigel. We advanced 
some distance, and passed through a woods into an open 
plain, where we were drawn up on the left of a mass of 
troops and pushed into a woods beyond. Soon we were 
ordered back, and then commenced a series of movements 
and evolutions and feints upon the enemy that took us sev- 
eral times over the same ground, often under fire of rebel 
batteries and with a hot sun pouring down upon us. The 
day was extraordinarily hard upon the men, who were worn 
out and weak, they being now completely out of rations, 
and having no opportunity to fill their canteens. The Third 
held the extreme right of the division, which was on the 
left of Schenck's. At one time, Schenck having withdrawn, 
the enemy pushed in troops on our right and attempted to 
cut us off, but the movement was detected in time to fall 
back to a plateau south of the pike. 

Sigel, who was nearest the enemy, opened the day by an 
early attack, and was fully engaged by seven o'clock, gain- 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 153 

ing ground by hard fighting until half-past ten, when, the 
enemy receiving large re-enforcements, he was forced to be 
contented with holding his own. The enemy, under Jack- 
son, were now in position, with their left resting on Sudley 
Springs, and right a little south of Warrenton pike. His 
front was covered by an embankment of an abandoned rail- 
road, and his troops sheltered by a dense woods close up to 
it. Heiutzleman's corps occupied the right of our line, rest- 
ing on Catharpen creek, near its junction with Bull Run ; 
Sigel's, the center; and the Reserves, under Reynold's, the 
extreme left, south of Warrenton pike. In fact, the two 
armies confronted each other with the railroad embankment 
between them. Up to four o'clock, a succession of heavy 
skirmishes from point to point along the front took place. 
About half-past four, M'Dowell approached with the balance 
of his corps. General Pope, who was still in ignorance of 
the presence of Longstreet in front of Fitz John Porter, had 
sent, about half-past four P.M., an order to Porter to march 
upon and attack Jackson's left flank, and, about six o'clock, 
presuming Porter was upon or near the point designated, 
directed Heintzleman and Reno to attack the enemy's left 
front. The assault was made with great gallantry. Kearny, 
having changed front on the left, led his division to the 
charge, sweeping back and rolling up the first line on to 
their center and right. The conflict at this point was main- 
tained with great spirit, and Grover's Brigade broke through 
two of the enemy's lines, and penetrated to the third before 
it was checked.* A little before sunset. General M'Dowell, 
under the impression the enemy were in full retreat down 
the Warrenton pike, sent King's (now Hatch's) division of 
his corps in pursuit. On the double-quick. Hatch, at the 
head of the column, followed by his own, Doubleday's and 
Patrick's brigades, crossed an arm of the Bull Run close to 
Groveton, when suddenly his skirmishers encountered those 

♦General Pope's official report. Grover attacked at three o'clock, and was not sup- 
ported. Pope's report of hour is wrong. 



154 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

of the enemy. A well-sustained and rapidly-increasing mus- 
ketry fire from an unyielding line, together with a vig- 
orous cannonade, soon convinced General Hatch that the 
enemy was not in retreat, but, strongly posted, determinedly 
resisted his advance. In response to the furious attacks, the 
Confederates brought up heavy re-enforcements, and finally, 
with a charge, forced Hatch's division to retire, with a large 
number of killed and wounded and the loss of one gun. 
(Captain J. A. Judson, an Assistant Adjutant-General in 
King's division.) The enemy engaged proved to be Hood's * 
division, whom Longstreet had ordered to make a forced 
reconnaissance. 

While these movements were being made, General Rey- 
nolds was ordered to threaten their right and rear. Push- 
ing on over an open field, a rebel battery was found posted 
on an elevation about a half-mile to the left of the pike, 
which opened fire upon them. Reaching the base of the 
elevation, within a few hundred yards of the battery, it was 
determined to try it. The Second, under M'Candless, with 
the First in support, was sent into a wood to the right and 
front to draw its fire. Generals Seymour and Jackson, at 
the head of most of their regiments, gallantly led ihem to 
the charge up the hill ; but they had not only the fire of the 
battery to encounter, but a heavy supporting force of 
infantry, and, notwithstanding their steadiness, they were 
forced to fall back, forming and lying down within three 
hundred yards of the guns. Unfortunately, in this assault, 
the guns of Ramson's battery were smooth-bores, and could 
ofier no cover by their fire to the storming party. 

After the battle ceased, the Reserve were withdrawn to 
the position they occupied the night before, and, hungry and 
wearied, they lay down on their arms to sleep. But, 
unfortunately for us, some boys belonging to the " Cofiee 
Brigade" kindled small fires to boil their much-coveted 

* General John B. Hood, whom Jeflferson Davis sent to troll Sherman out of 
Georgia. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 155 

beverage, by which the enemy discovered our bivouac, and 
opened at long range, with solid shot, by which several were 
killed and wounded. The boys, however, were too tired to 
pay much attention to this. Regiments from each brigade 
that night were sent on picket, which, on the battle-field, 
means to lie down in line of battle within a short distance 
of the enemy, and be prepared for an attack at any moment. 

The next morning, the 30th, at three o'clock, we were 
again under arms, ready for the coming struggle. The men 
were now absolutely sufiering for food, they having been 
entirely out of rations for two days.* They were worn 
down by constant marching, fighting and loss of sleep, and 
were unfit for the field. Many were so utterly exhausted 
that it was necessary to send them to the rear, they being 
unable to continue with us. The boys, who had been with- 
out food for two days and had hardly murmured before, 
now complained to their colonel. Sickel sat upon his horse 
and listened to their story, which he knew was too true. 
He told them in a kind voice he could get them no rations, 
that he had nothing but cartridges to give them. When 
they looked on his pale face, and saw he was hardly able to 
keep the saddle, they ceased to complain. The opening gun 
of the day sounded, the shot whistled over our heads, loud 
cheers arose from the boys, and the Reserves were satisfied 
with their cartridges. 

Our battle-ground this day was substantially that of yes- 
terday, but extending further to the left. Our army, facing 
westward, was posted in a form of an inverted V with 
unequal arms, the opening towards us. The short arm, just 
south of the Warrenton Pike, was occupied by the Penn- 
sylvania Reserves, who held the extreme left. The long 

♦General Pope, in his report, says: " On the morning of the 30th, as may be sup- 
posed, our troops, who had been so continually marching and fighting for so many 
days, were in a state of great exhaustion. They had had little to eat for two days 
previous, and the artillery and cavalry horses had been in harness and saddled con- 
tinually for ten days, and had had no forage for two days previous. It may easily be 
imagined how little these troops, after such severe labor, and after undergoing such 
hardship and privation, were in condition for active and efficient service." 



156 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

arm, north of the pike, stretching off towards Sudley Springs, 
was held, commencing on the Reserves' right, by Porter, 
Sigel, Reno and Heintzleman, with Ricketts' and Kings' 
divisions, under M'Dowell, in reserve. Elevated ground 
immediately in front and to the left of the Reserves, was 
covered with dense timber, interspersed with patches of pine 
and scrub oak. To the right of the Reserves, and in Por- 
ter's front, was a narrow but dense forest. Between the 
forests, one-half mile apart, and skirting the "Warrenton 
pike on Porter's front, was cleared ground, a natural glacis, 
rising rapidly to an elevated ridge held by the enemy and 
crowned by numerous artillery. This artillery commanded 
the pike and the cleared ground, and concentrated a flank 
and direct fire upon any attacking column. The enemy's 
skirmishers held the open ground and the forests. His 
forces and movements were concealed from us, whilst the 
least of ours, as far back as Centreville, were open to his 
view. Unsuccessful efforts had been made the day before to 
gain possession of these forests. 

Soon after daybreak, the Reserves, under General Rey- 
nolds, took up their position on the extreme left of the line, 
near the Henry house, they being intended as the pivot in 
the attack which Porter's corps was to make on the enemy's 
right, then supposed to be on the pike and in retreat. The 
Bucktails and Second, supported by the Third,* were 
deployed as skirmishers, and advanced beyond Young's 
creek over a rising piece of ground, flanked on either side 
by heavy woods. Up this they slowly crept, among the 
dead of the preceding day, and, after feeling for the enemy 
for some time, discovered them occupying a store and some 
out-buildings, from which they were soon driven. Taking 



♦General Reynolds, in his official report of the operations of his division that day, 
states: "The advanced skirmishers were the First Rifles, (Bucktails,) Colonel M'Neil, 
and the First Infantry, Colonel Roberts, supported by the Seventh Infantry, Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Henderson." This, however, is a mistake. The author was present with 
his regiment, the Second, Colonel M'Candless, and conversed with both Colonels 
M'Neil and Sickel, and could not be mistaken in regard to it. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 157 

up a position on the extreme edge of the woods, near Grove- 
ton, a sharp fire was opened by both sides across a broad 
clearing, beyond which the enemy were posted in a woods 
with their sharp-shooters in the trees, from which they were 
dropped in a lively style by volleys from squads of our men, 
who marked every tree from which smoke issued. 

As it was desirable to ascertain the strength of the enemy 
in our front, we were ordered to advance, and crossing the 
clearing, we drove the enemy before us and about four hun- 
dred yards into the woods, where we halted. A masked 
battery was discovered to our right and front, and a large 
force of infantry on our left and rear, masked by cavalry, 
about twelve hundred yards distant. Our regiments were 
about-faced, marched to the edge of the woods, their lines 
dressed, muskets brought to a shoulder, and then moved 
across the clearing with deliberation, and when they reached 
the position they charged from, were fronted and lain down. 
This was the discovery of the thunderbolt that was about to 
be hurled upon us, for it was the advance of a heavy mass 
that had turned our left flank. In retiring, a number of 
muskets were destroyed, and an attempt made to bring off 
a brass howitzer that M'Dowell had abandoned the day 
before, but its spokes were cut and a wheel broke down. 
Lying down, all was quiet for about an hour, the enemy 
remaining stationary, to concentrate their forces. In the 
meantime, Meade's Brigade came up, and the Third rejoined 
them. 

General Pope's plan of battle was to attack the enemy's 
left, along the Haymarket road, and, with that view, he 
strengthened our right. Lee's plan was to turn our left, 
and he had concentrated the mass of his troops towards that 
point. Pope's plans were based on the erroneous impres- 
sion that the enemy had been some hours retreating. Gen- 
eral M'Dowell, who was the governing spirit upon the field, 
who had made a reconnaissance on our extreme right, had 
mistaken the contraction of Lee's lines for a retreat. One 



158 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

paroled prisoner of our own, taken the evening before, came 
into our lines during the morning and reported the enemy 
retreating during the night in the direction of Gainesville,* 
which seemed to confirm M'Dowell's report. That any gen- 
eral should parole prisoners upon a battle-field, and permit 
them to go direct into an enemy's lines, and carry informa- 
tion of his retreat, if he really was retreating, seems as 
improbable as it does to suppose any one could be deceived 
by such information. 

So much was General Pope deceived, as to the attitude of 
the opposing forces, that at noon he issued the following 
special order : 

" The following forces will be immediately thrown for- 
ward in pursuit of the enemy, and press him vigorously 
during the whole day. Major-General M'Dowell is assigned 
to the command of the pursuit ; Major-General Porter's corps 
will push forward on the Warrenton turnpike, followed by 
the divisions of Brigadier-Generals King and Reynolds. 

" The division of Brigadier-General Ricketts will pursue 
the Haymarket road, followed by the corps of Major-Gen- 
eral Heintzelman." * * * 

In an order issued at a later hour. General Pope says : 
" Major-General M'Dowell, being charged with the advanced 
forces ordered to pursue the enemy." t * * * 

No such movement was ever attempted. 

About two o'clock, by order. Porter, supported by King, 
attacked the enemy, who were still supposed by Pope to be 
retreating along the pike ; and, at the same time, Heintzle- 
man and Reno, supported by Ricketts, were ordered to assail 
them to his right. The enemy, from his elevated, crescent- 
shaped position, swept with artillery the ground over which 
our troops advanced. He opposed them with a heavy mus- 
ketry fire from behind the railroad embankments, where he 



* General Pope's official report. 

t" Papers, etc., furnished by the Committee on Military Affairs of the Senate," p. 
357. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 159 

was driven, and stood almost unharmed. Butterfield, Sykes 
and Hatch (with Ileintzleman, Ricketts and Reno on the 
right, not engaged), emerging from the sheltering timber, 
rapidly advanced, gallantly attacked and desperately con- 
tended for victory. The resistance could not be overcome. 
Let us read Stonewall Jackson's official report of this com- 
bat : 

" In a few moments our entire line was engaged in a fierce 
and sanguinary struggle with the enemy. As one line was 
repulsed another took its place and pressed forward, as if 
determined, by force of numbers and fury of assault, to 
drive us from our position. So impetuous and well sus- 
tained were these onsets, as to induce me to send to the 
commanding general for re-enforcements, but the timely 
and gallant advance of General Longstreet, on the right, 
relieved my troops from the pressure of overwhelming num- 
bers, and gave to those brave men the chances of a more 
equal conflict." * * * 

Such was was the fury of the Union assault that Jackson 
supposed he was far outnumbered, whereas, the combatants 
were nearly equal, with the advantage of the strong posi- 
tion in favor of the enemy. 

It was soon after this attack commenced that the Reserve 
skirmishers fell back over the clearing, and, when General 
Reynolds saw it, he inquired of Colonel M'Candless why he 
had withdrawn. Upon being informed, he replied that it 
was impossible. Putting spurs to his horse, he dashed 
through our skirmishers to the left, and into the open 
ground. There he found the enemy's line of skirmishers 
nearly at right angles to our line, covering our left flank, 
with cavalry behind, perfectly stationary, masking a column 
of infantry formed for attack on our left flank, when our 
line should be sufficiently advanced. The skirmishers fired 
upon him, but his hour had not yet come, and he run the 
gauntlet unscarred, but losing an orderly who followed him. 
Reynolds reported the fact to General M'Dowell, our corps 



160 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

commander, " who came upon the ground, and directed me 
to form my division to resist this attack, the dispositions for 
which were rapidly completed. Other troops were to be sent 
to my support, when the commanding general (M'Dowell) 
observing the attack of Porter to have been repulsed, 
ordered me with my division across the field to the rear of 
Porter, to form a line, behind which the troops might be 
rallied." [General Keynolds' ofiicial report.] Our line fell 
back over the same ground we advanced on in the morning, 
and joined the division, which was drawn up on the Bald 
Hill, in rear of a heavy wood. Our rifles, to the right of us, 
were soon engaged with a battery, whose range they soon 
got, and forced it to withdraw. 

The Reserves were then ordered to the right and rear of 
Porter, but before the rear of our column had left the 
position, the threatened attack by the enemy burst into a 
furious assault upon our left and along the entire line. The 
rear brigade, the Third, under Colonel Anderson,* with 
three batteries, were obliged to form on the ground on which 
they found themselves to oppose it. Tower's and M'Lean's 
brigades of Ricketts' division formed with them, but the 
assault was too severe for them to withstand long, and, after 
heavy loss, little by little they were forced to yield. Four of 
Kerns' guns were taken, but not until he was killed and 
twenty-four of his men lay around him, and twenty-seven 
horses had been shot down.f Cooper lost his caissons. 
The brigade sustained itself most gallantly, and, though 
severely pushed on both front and flank, maintained its posi- 
tion until overwhelmed by numbers, when it fell back, 
taking up new positions whenever the advantages of ground 
permitted. 

* General Jackson ruptured a blood vessel in battle the day before, and the com- 
mand of the brigade devolved on Colonel Harding, of the Twelfth, who, being severly 
wounded in the early part of the fight, turned the command over to Colonel Anderson, 
of the Ninth. 

fProf Bates' History Pennsylvania Volunteers, V'ol. I, p. 0G9. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 161 

Reynolds, with Meade's and Seymour's brigades and Ran- 
som's battery, hurried across the field to the right, under a 
heavy tire of round and shell. Passing by the Robinson 
house and crossing a road, our course was diverted by the 
difficult nature of the ground, and the retreating masses of 
the broken columns among the troops of Heintzleman's 
corps, already formed, by which much time was lost and 
confusion created, which allowed the enemy to sweep up 
with his right, so far as almost to cut us oft' from the pike 
There was nothing left but the Third Brigade and tlie three 
batteries of Reserve artillery and scattered troops of other 
commands to resist the advance of the enemy upon our left. 
Arriving on the brow of a hill, our brigades and battery 
took up a position near a road, from which we overlooked a 
large portion of the field, and Porter's troops commenced 
forming behind us, but on account of the position at Bald 
Hill being forced, we were ordered to the extreme left, where 
we took a position on a hill to the right of the Henry house, 
not far from our first position in the morning. Here we 
formed in column of brigade, with Ransom's battery in front, 
which threw its shells at long range upon the heavy masses 
of the enemy, who were advancing. There we remained 
under a shower of shells, with the boys being knocked over 
pretty rapidly, but all in good heart. 

At last, we saw division after division of our army give 
way, and soon all upon the field appeared in utter confusion, 
except the dense columns of the enemy that were advancing 
with wild shouts of victory, intent upon seizing the War- 
renton pike, to cut off' the retreat over Bull Run. The 
quick eye of Reynolds had perceived this, and he brought 
the Reserves here to prevent it, it being necessary to main- 
tain the position at any sacrifice. On rushed the exulting 
insurgents with loud yells, determined to go right over 
every obstacle to the pike. Silently stood the Reserves at a 
rest, watching their approach. The gallant Reynolds dashed 
11 



162 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

to the front, and seizing the flag of the Second, waved it 
aloft, shouting, '* Follow me. Reserves." A prolonged yell 
burst from the brigades as they dashed upon the foe. The 
columns met on the brow of a declivity, and, for a few 
moments, the most fearful carnage ensued. The dead and 
wounded were trampled under foot. The rear ranks pressed 
on till, faltering and trembling, the fierce foe were crushed 
down and hurled back upon the denser masses that sup- 
ported them. Reynolds, with the standard waving above 
his head, and Meade and Seymour in the thickest of the 
fight, urging the men on, presented a scene of heroic 
grandeur. 

On pressed the Reserves, wild with their cry of battle, 
driving the enemy into the woods, on and over their support 
that lay five or six line deep, who sprung to their feet and 
met them with a sheet of flame, and dropped to give range 
to those behind. On both flanks swarmed the enemy, and 
the flaming missiles from several batteries were bursting in 
their midst. For an instant they were in the fire of hell, 
completely enveloped in smoke and flame. The pressure 
was too much, and they were literally whirled from the 
ground. But they had not yielded the pike yet, nor did 
they intend to. Reynolds, Meade and Seymour were in 
their midst, and they could not leave them. Rallying again 
on their old position, with Ransom's guns dealing death, the 
foe came thundering upon them, but the steady and low fire 
of the line hurled them back until Buchanan, with a division 
of regulars, came to their succor. Hordes of the enemy 
were now pouring upon this one point, determined to carry 
it at any sacrifice ; but the Reserves held them at bay until 
after dark, when they were forced back nearly a mile, but 
still covering the pike. Porter's forces now came to their 
relief, and, with their ammunition entirely spent, muskets 
thoroughly heated, and the men almost exhausted, they were 
withdrawn to the rear. Nearly the whole army had now 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 153 

been withdrawn from the field,* and with the Third Bri- 
gade, in the early part of the night, they marched towards 
Centreville, and bivouacked with Sykes upon the east bank 
of Cub Run. 

General Reynolds, in his ofiicial report, gives the loss of 
our division as six hundred and fifty-three. f The loss of 
the contending armies in this battle was never stated by 
their commanders. J 

Among those killed, in the Third, was Captain H. Clay 
Beatty, one of the most promising young oflicers in the 
division. A lawyer by profession, a gentleman by nature, 
a soldier through principle, high-minded, honorable and 
brave, he won the respect and esteem of his fellow officers, 
and the love of his men. The Reserves, and the Union, 
never lost a braver and kinder heart than his. 

Of our generals, Pope, in his report, said : 

"Brigadier General John F. Reynolds, commanding the 
Pennsylvania Reserves, merits the highest commendation at 
my hands. Prompt, active, and energetic, he commanded 
his division with distinguished ability throughout the opera- 
tions, and performed his duty in all situations with zeal and 
fidelity. Generals Seymour and Meade, of that division, in 



* Pope, in his official report, says: 

"About eight o'clock at night, therefore, I sent written instructions to the com- 
manders of corps to withdraw leisurely towards Centreville, and stated to them what 
route each should pursue and where they should take post. General Reno was 
instructed with his whole corps to cover the movements of the army towards Centre- 
ville. The withdrawal was made slowly, quietly, and in good order, no pursuit what- 
ever having been attempted by the enemy. A division of infantry, with its batteries 
was posted to cover the crossing of Cub Run." 

tFor the loss in the Third, see Appendix A. 

J General Lee, officially, claims to have captured, during his campaign against 
Pope, from Cedar Mountain to Chantilly, more than 7,000 prisoners, besides 2,000 of our 
wounded left in his hands, with 30 pieces of artillery, and 20,000 small arms. Our loss 
of railroad cars, munitions, and camp equipage, must have been immense. The rebel 
medical director makes their losses, in two days of the fighting on Manassas Plains 
1,000 killed, 0,154 wounded— total, 7,244. Longstreet reports his losses, from the 23d to 
the 30th of August, inclusive, at 4,725. A. P. Hill reports the losses in his division, from 
the 24th to the 31st, at 1,.548. Probably the entire rebel loss in the campaign did not 
fall short of 1.5,000 men. We must have lost heavily in stragglers, who never rejoined 
their regiments, and our total loss probably reached 20,000. 



164 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

like mauner performed their duties with ability and gal- 
lantry, and in all fidelity to the Government and to the 
army." 

During the night, and part of the morning of the 31st, 
Sunday, it rained very hard. Soon after daybreak, we 
marched to Centreville. Everything was in great confusion. 
The roads, deep with mud, were crowded with soldiers, 
orderlies, and wagons. Squads of prisoners, and a long 
train of ambulances, were moving towards Washington. 
Omnibusses, carriages, and other vehicles, impressed by the 
Government, covered the fields in every direction. Long 
lines of horses, tied to ropes, were coming out from Wash- 
ington. Hundreds of Government oflicials and citizens 
arrived, loaded with tobacco, envelopes, postage stamps, etc., 
which they generously distributed. 

Colonel Sickel, who was entirely unfit for the field, was 
now forced to give up. Sick, unable to eat, sufiering from i 
the effect of a coxqj de so-leil a few days before, forced to yield 
the command of his regiment on the battle-field to Lieuten- 
ant Colonel Clark, he was yet unwilling to leave his com- 
rades, and went with them through all the fighting, cheering 
and encouraging them on the best he could. It was only 
when he saw them safe at Centreville, with the prospect of 
rations, that he was willing to part from them. 

Towards noon, the division marched to the rear about 
two miles, and halted. Coffee and crackers were issued, 
and soon our fires were burning. This was a perfect god- 
send to us, every mouthful of coflfee we drank seeming like 
so much life passing into us. We remained here a couple 
of hours, during which time we devoured the best part of 
our three days' rations, when we marched back to Centre- 
ville, where, about dark, we had salt-beef issued to us. Soon 
after, with light hearts and heavy stomachs, our division 
marched out to relieve General Reno, who covered the cross- 
ings of Cub Run, our artillery shelling the woods as we 
advanced. We were posted on a range of high, wooded 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 165 

hills, resting on our arms all night, the enemy being about 
as well used up as we were, and contenting themselves with 
a little skirmishing while we were moving into position. It 
rained hard all night, and it was a long and wearied watch. 
About daybreak an officer was awoke by something pulling 
at his boots, and looking around, he beheld the most glad- 
dening sight the eyes of a soldier could rest upon : A few 
inches from the ground, on one side was a cup of coffee, 
and on the other a bunch of crackers, while between, radi- 
ant with joy, was the shining face of a young contraband? 
looking lovelier than the cherubs of Michael Angelo in their 
flight to heaven with expanded wings. 

Soon we were relieved, and, as we marched back, we 
passed long lines of ambulances going to the field after the 
wounded, and army wagons conveying rations to them, a 
flag of truce being arranged for that purpose. That day, 
September 1st, the regiments were mustered for pay. 

General Lee, though not disposed to try the experiment 
of Malvern Hill again, was not idle, and the morning after 
the battle dispatched Jackson's and Ewell's divisions to turn 
and assail our right, and cut off our communication with 
Washington. Piatt's and Griffin's brigades of Porter's 
corps, that had marched from the battle-field on the morn- 
ing of the last day of our desperate struggle ; Franklin's 
corps, that had been near Centreville, unknown to Pope, the 
whole of the same sad day, and Sumner's corps, that arrived 
there afterwards, swelled our army to 60,000 men. On the 
1st of September, it lay on the pike from Centreville to 
Fairfax Court House. Pope suspected Lee's movements, 
and had ordered Sumner and Hooker to dispose of their 
forces to resist it. 

Chantilly, September 1st, 1862. 

About noon, we moved off on the fields along the pike, 
which was filled with wagons moving both ways. Just 
before sunset, when opposite Chantilly, Jackson, with a 



166 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

superior force of infantry, but no artillery, commenced an 
attack on two divisions of Reno's troops. The Reserves 
were immediately put into position to support them. The 
battle soon became furious, and continued until after dark. 
In the midst of it a thunder storm occurred, so furious that 
the sound of battle was unnoticed at Centreville, but three 
miles oft'. Generals Isaac J. Stephens and Philip Kearny, 
both of New Jersey, were killed, and the command devolved 
upon General Birney, who finished the contest by a bayonet 
charge. Birney held the field through the night, burying 
our dead and removing the wounded. Our loss did not 
exceed a total of 500 men. This battle was called, by the 
insurgents. Ox Hill. Jackson's flank movement proved a 
failure, and our retreat was no further annoyed by the 
enemy. 

The next mornhig, beeves were shot and issued to the 
men. Soon afterwards we moved off down the pike, through 
Fairfax Court House to Anandale, where we turned to the 
left, and, after an hour's halt, marched on past Ball's Cross 
Roads to the neigborhood of Arlington Heights. On the 
road we passed wagons, artillery and fresh troops, moving 
the other way. The new regiments were easily distin- 
guished by their white faces, new clothes and full knap- 
sacks. We happened to halt a few moments alongside of 
one of these, when an animated discussion arose among our 
boys as to where they came from, and who they were. Some 
contended they were just oft' of Chestnut street, or out of 
band-boxes, while others suggested they were runaway 
school-girls. This latter idea seemed to prevail, and the Miss 
Nellies, Katies and Sallies, were tempted with crackers and 
cartridges, in exchange for locks of their hair. One thought- 
less youth, who estrayed into our ranks, was surrounded by 
the boys, but managed to escape, when, with reddened 
cheeks and flashing eyes, he came to a charge, and swore he 
would bayonet the first Reserve who attempted to kiss him. 
Before nine o'clock that night all the army was inside the 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 167 

intreuchmeiits, except three corps on the Vienna and Chain 
Bridge roads, which arrived the next day. 

The next morning, the 3d, we moved about three miles, 
near the Arlington House, the late residence of General 
Robert E. Lee, now a National Cemetery, where slumber 
thousands of our Union dead, where we lay in the woods 
until the afternoon of the next day, when we marched to 
Upton Hill. The Reserves were now in a sad plight. The 
majority of the boys were nearly shoeless, some had lost 
their caps, and very many had no blouses. What clothes 
they had were ragged and torn, and there was hardly a 
blanket among them. New clothing, however, was soon 
issued, and when the boys got a chance to wash their hands 
and faces they thought they looked very fine. This opera- 
tion they had no opportunity to perform for about eight 
days. 

Here terminated our short but arduous campaign in the 
"Army of Virginia," under General John Pope. The 
strength of Pope's army at the battle of Bull Run, on paper, 
was 65,600 men. Of these, Piatt and Griflin's brigades, 
5,000 strong, were at Centreville on the 30th ; (Pope) Banks', 
5,000 strong, were at Bristol on the 29th and 30th, guarding 
supplies. The strength of Lee's army at the battle was 
62,900, all of whom were in action.* Lee's army outnum- 
bered Pope's 7,800.t Doctor A. H. Guernsey's paper (which 
"is considered quite accurate and just" by the Confederate 
generals,) put the rebel force in the battle at 71,000 men. 
The failure of Pope is to be attributed to a number of 
causes : 

That Ricketts, considering the favorable ground east 
of Thoroughfare Gap, did not offer the stubborn resist- 
ance he was capable of, to the march of Longstreet, is evi- 
dent. Ricketts' march on Bristoe, to a very slight extent, 

* Proceedings and Report of Board of Army Officers, April 12th, 187*^, in the case 
of Fitz John Porter, part I, page jOS. 
■j- Ibid, page 4G2. 



168 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

justified King's withdrawal from the "Warrenton pike. 
These two movements left Longstreet's march to unite with 
Jackson unobstructed. 

The mistake in supposing, on the morning of the 30th, 
that Lee's army was in full retreat down the Warrenton 
pike, when, in fact, the left wing of it was in an almost 
impregnable fortress — the Independent railroad embank- 
ment and cut — and the right wing was being heavily re-en- 
forced, to turn on oar left flank. 

That the plan of battle originally settled upon — of falling 
back and concentrating our army behind Bull Run creek, 
within easier reach of re-enforcements and supplies — was 
changed to an offensive one. 

The exhausted state of our troops, for want of rations. 

Of the 91,000 veteran troops of the Army of the Poto- 
mac who left Harrison's Landing, but 20,500 re-enforced 
Pope. Franklin and Sumner, with 19,000 more, marched 
from Alexandria, and arrived at Centreville after the battle 
was lost. Alexandria was swarming with troops under 
General M'Clellan, and was full of supplies. Pope's army 
was absolutely without food during one, two and three days. 
There was no enemy between Alexandria and Pope after 
the night of the 28th. General Pope received a letter on 
the morning of the 30th, from General M'Clellan, inform- 
ing him that " rations and forage were at Alexandria, wait- 
ing a cavalry escort." Forage and rations, and citizens in 
private carriages, came to us after our defeat without a 
" cavalry escort," when there was really more danger than 
before the battle. 

Subsequently charges were preferred by General Pope 
against Major-General Porter, upon which he was tried and 
convicted by a court-martial ordered by the President. He 
was sentenced " to be cashiered, and to be forever disquali- 
fied from holding any office of trust or profit under the 
government of the United States." Severe as this sentence 
was — worse than death to Fitz John Porter — it appears to 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 169 

have been justified by the weight of evidence. After-dis- 
covered evidence convinced General Porter, who had always 
felt himself wronged by the verdict, that he could establish 
the correctness of the defence he gave on his trial. Upon his 
appeal, President Hayes, April 9th, 1878, ordered a Board 
of Oflicers to examine the case. The two principal points 
that seemed to justify the verdict were: The alleged failure 
to obey the order requiring him to move his command at 
one A.M. on August 28th; the failure to attack on the 29th. 
As to the first, the intense darkness of the night and the 
bad roads, that were blocked by wagon trains, induced him, 
by the advice of Generals Morell, Sykes and Butterfield, to 
delay the movement until three o'clock. As to the second, 
the responsibility for not doing so up to noon, rested with 
General M'Dowell, as senior officer, vested with the com- 
mand. As to the advisability of attacking, the only chance 
of success was with the combined forces early in the day. 
General Pope based his orders upon the supposition that 
Longstreet was fully twenty-four hours distant; that Jack- 
son's corps was the only body to be encountered; and that 
the Union force, consequently, was nearly double that of the 
insurgents, whereas, what Porter strongly suspected then — 
in fact knew — that Longstreet was in his immediate front 
with a superior force, we now have undoubted evidence was 
the fact. That attacks must sometimes be made under such 
circumstances as Porter was in is undoubtedly true, for it is 
sometimes necessary for a portion of an army to sacrifice 
itself to save the rest of the army. General Porter, by not 
attacking, by the mere position of his troops, and by his 
movements that day, rendered a much more important ser- 
vice to the rest of the army, by keeping at least double his 
numbers in front of him, and paralyzing them so far as any 
action against our right was concerned, and by delaying the 
general battle until the next day, when Pope had his army 
for the first time really in hand. The report of the Board of 
Officers fully justify Porter's conduct, and says, "that in our 



170 1HE THIRD RESERVE. 

opinion, justice requires at his hands (the President's) such 
action as may be necessary to annul and set aside the find- 
ings and sentence of the court-martial." 

When a great wrong has been done and the error of it 
ascertained, all feelings of honor demand a frank acknowl- 
edgment of it and restitution. Are we not too great a nation, 
too magnanimous a people, to sufier the continuation of a 
wrong? Porter, by this nation, and by history, will have 
justice done him. 

The Porter inquiry case gave our friends, the late Con- 
federates, an opportunity to place on record the gallant 
deeds of their arms upon that field, and we read them, as 
Americans, with pride. 

But the blood of Bull Run was not shed in vain. The 
rights of the South, under the Constitution, had strong advo- 
cates in the North. " The Union as it was, and the Consti- 
tution as it is," was a political watch-word. The restoration 
of the Union was the prevailing wish, and to accomplish it 
the large majority in the North would have freely forgiven 
the past and guaranteed the South in their property in 
slavery. The Nation did not yet recognize the great issue 
of the war — slavery. The sacrifice of more blood and treas- 
ures was needed to clear our vision and purify our heart. 
The South was not yet reduced to the helpless condition of 
submission to the will of God. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 171 



CHAPTER XI. 

Pope Superseded by M'Clellan — Cross the Potomac — The March 
Through Maryland — Frederick, Early in the Morning — The 
Bouquet of Flowers — Wanted His Tooth Pulled — Battle of 
South Mountain — Pleasanton Attacks — Burnside Comes Up — 
Longstreet Supersedes Hill — Fall of Reno — Hooker Flanks — 
Laughable Scene — Reserves Scale the Mountains — Free Fight 
— Victory — March — Boonsboro — Prisoners. 

GENERAL POPE, having resigned his command, was 
succeeded by General M'Clellan, on the 2d of Septem- 
ber. Pope's original armj had been greatly demoralized, 
but that of M'Clellan was in good heart, and the portion of 
it that had been in the late campaign only needed a little 
rest. On the 3d, D. H. Hill, with the van of the insurgent 
army, crossed the Potomac near Edwards' Ferry, into Mary- 
land; and Lee, soon following with the balance of his army, 
entered Frederick on the 8th. M'Clellan, early apprised 
of this movement, put his army in motion to meet him. 

About this time the Reserves were transferred from 
M'Dowell's to the First Corps, commanded by General 
Hooker. About two o'clock on the morning of the 7th, we 
fell in, and moved off through the woods to the pike, cross- 
ing the Potomac on Long Bridge, and marching through 
the thronged streets of the Capital with our drums beating. 
Proceeding out the Leesboro road, we lay down to rest. 
That afternoon we moved on to Leesboro, about seven 
miles distant, where we lay in a scrub-oak thicket until the 
afternoon of the 9th, when we marched through Mechanics- 
ville and bivouacked about sunset near Brookville. About 
noon the next day, we moved to the head-waters of the 
Patuxent and bivouacked, and the succeeding day to near 
Poplar Springs. The insurgent cavalry had left this place 
the night before. In our march through Maryland, we 



172 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

found some loyal inhabitants, but the majority were pass- 
ively so only. The insurgent soldiery, in the main, con- 
ducted themselves very well, but cattle, horses, and stores 
of all kinds, that would contribute to the subsistence or 
efficiency of this army, were seized by wholesale, and 
crossed over the Potomac. The articles taken were paid for 
in quartermaster's orders ; but who wished to invest in such 
paper? At the urgent request of Governor Curtin, General 
Reynolds was detached from the Reserves on the 12th, and 
sent to Pennsylvania to organize the 75,000 " emergency 
men " the Governor had called out for the defence of the 
State. General Meade, thereupon, succeeded to the com- 
mand of the division. In the absence of Colonel Sickel, the 
senior officer of the brigade, the command of the same 
devolved upon Colonel Magilton. On the same day, our 
troops had a brief skirmish at Monocacy Bridge, and drove 
the rear guard of the enemy out of Frederick. While in 
possession of the city, the " Liberators " ordered all the 
stores to be opened, which they soon emptied of their con- 
tents, paying for the same in their worthless trash. They 
also opened recruiting offices, but the citizens, who had 
shown no gluttonous appetite to fight for the Union, listened 
unmoved to the pealing anthems of " My Maryland " and 
other southern hymns. 

General M'Clellan here had the good fortune, on the 13th, 
to obtain a copy of Lee's general order, dated September 
9th, developing his prospective movements. This directed 
the seizing of Harpers Ferry, and the re-crossiog of the 
Potomac by a large portion of the army, and its return to 
Maryland. Thus possessed of his adversary's designs, un- 
known to him, and when it was too late to change them, he 
was enabled to move with greater promptness and certainty. 
Our army, which had been slowly moving through Mary- 
land in five columns, covering Washington and Baltimore, 
was now concentrated near Frederick. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 173 

South Mountain, September 14th, 1862. 

At three o'clock on Sunday moniini^, our drums rattled 
the reveille on the banks of the Monocacy, and, after coffee 
and crackers, we filed off on the National road, and marched 
through Frederick. The inhabitants were hardly awake, 
and those we saw were universally dressed in neat, snowy 
white. There were many bright eyes peeping through the 
window-slats, and handkerchiefs mysteriously waving. A 
good sprinkling of miniature flags were displayed, and, alto- 
gether, Frederick presented a novel and interesting sight 
early in the morning. Moving on, we wound our way up 
the Catoctin Mountain, on the summit of which an artillery 
fight had taken place the day before, in which one of the 
enemy's caissons had been exploded. From here the scenery 
is magnificent. In our rear lies the valley of the Monocacy, 
with Frederick resting on its breast; and in front stretches 
that of the Catoctin, with the South Mountains beyond. 
Down this beautiful valley winds the broad creek that gives 
it name, and in which is situated Middletown. Long lines 
of troops and ammunition wagons were moving across it, 
towards the mountains, from whose sides issued puffs of 
white smoke and came the booming of cannon. 

About noon we marched through the town, a pretty place, 
whose inhabitants lined the streets and welcomed us on our 
way to battle. Bread, cakes, milk, water, and fruit, were 
freely given by the good people, whose hearty welcome made 
us feel for the first time we were among friends. A pretty 
young lady stepped from the side-walk, and handed to the 
adjutant of the Second a bouquet of flowers. She spoke 
not a word, but crimsoned when their eyes met. That night 
young Cross lay dead upon the field, and the fiowers were 
found buttoned inside his coat. Marching on, with happy 
hearts, we came to the Catoctin, where Pleasanton's cavalry 
had skirmished and driven Stuart's, the day before, but not 
until they succeeded in destroying the bridge and burning 
the mill and surrounding houses. Here we rested for a 



;[74 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

while, and made coffee. One of the boys had an aching 
tooth, and asked the surgeon to extract it. "Why, my dear 
boy, we are going into battle in a little while." "I know 
that," replied the boy, "but who wants to go to heaven with 
the tooth-ache." 

At this time Jackson's corps and Walker's * division had 
recrossed the Potomac into Virginia,t and M'Law's corps of 
about 20,000 was skirmishing at Harpers Ferry.J Long- 
street had marched toward Hagerstown, and detached six of 
his brigades, under Anderson, to cooperate with M'Law's 
against Maryland Heights and Harpers Ferry. This left 
D. H. Hill's division, of five brigades of 5,000 men, § and 
Stuart's cavalry to hold Turner's Gap and the adjacent 
passes of South Mountain. Lee, to thus divide his army, 
certainly showed an utter contempt of his adversary's enter- 
prise, or of all rules of warfare. 

Turner's Gap, through which the National road passes, is 
about four hundred feet high, and the crests on either side 
rise some six hundred feet higher. The old Hagerstown 
road is half a mile to the north, and the old Sharpsburg 
road an equal distance to the south, both rising higher than 
the Gap. Early in the morning Pleasanton's cavalry had 
been skirmishing with the enemy, and when General Cox's 
division arrived, about nine A.M., one brigade was sent up 
the Sharpsburg road to ascertain if they held the crest on 
that side in force. Such proving to be the case. Cox with 
his division, supported by General Reno's corps, at once 
commenced the attack, which was continued with desperate 
fighting until noon, when the musketry firing ceased until 
two o'clock, each side awaiting re-enforcements. During this 
time, and somewhat later, nine of Longstreet's brigades 
arrived, raising the enemy's force to nearly 30,000 men, and 



*Major-Gener«l W. H. J. Walker, of Georgia. Killed at Decatur, Ga., July 22d,1864. 

f September 11th. 

I September 12th. 

g General D. H. Hill's official report. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 175 

Longstreet coming upon the field, and ranking Hill, took 
the chief command. In the meantime, Hooker with our 
corps arrived, and, taking the old Hagerstown road, moved 
to the right, to turn their left flank. About two P.M. Wil- 
cox's division came up, and General Reno ordered him to 
move up the Sharpsburg road, and take position to the right 
of it. Wilcox, at General Cox's request, sent two regiments 
to his support, and a section of Captain Cook's battery was 
placed upon the crest near the road, and opened fire across 
the Gap upon an insurgent battery. As Wilcox was deploy- 
ing, the enemy suddenly opened with a battery at short range, 
and drove the cannoneers, with their limbers, from the guns, 
which were nearly lost, but saved by a determined charge of 
the Seventy-ninth New York and Seventeenth Michigan. 
The division was then formed on the right of Cox's, and 
sheltered as much as possible under the mountain-side, until 
the whole line advanced. 

Shortly before this General Burnside arrived, and directed 
Reno to move up the divisions of Sturges and Rodman* to 
the crest alongside of Cox and Wilcox, and to attack with 
his whole force as soon as Hooker was well up the mountain 
on the right. It was half-past three before these troops were 
in position, when Clark's battery was sent to assist General 
Cox. The advantage of the enemy's position was still very 
great, all our movements being seen by him, while his posi- 
tions and strength were concealed from us. Besides this, our 
men had to struggle up the steep mountain-side, while the 
enemy lay behind the stone walls and rocks, and took advan- 
tage of the inequality of the ground. The disproportion 
between the troops actually engaged was not so very great, 
probably about one-third more on our side, which left heavy 
odds against us. About three o'clock, under a heavy fire of 
artillery, a general advance of the line took place, and was 
signalized by gallantry on both sides, but our steadiness 

* Brigadier-General Isaac P. Rodman. Killed at Antietam. 



176 THE THIRD RESERVE, 

prevailed, and they were gradually driven back until the 
crest was ours. At the head of his troops, about sunset, fell 
the gallant Major-General Jesse L. Reno. 

While the left was thus engaged, the right, under General 
Hooker, was also climbing up the mountain-side. About 
two o'clock we moved from the Catoctin along the National 
road, and turned ofl' to the right on the old Hagerstown 
road, passing by Mount Tabor Church, then through the 
woods and over the fields, along the base of the mountain 
for about a mile and a half, when we halted. The inhab- 
itants, who had never witnessed a battle, took advantage of 
this opportunity, and accompanied us on our march, keep- 
ing between us and the mountains, the better to see all that 
passed. The enemy, who had been watching our move- 
ments, opened from a gun, throwing a shell in close prox- 
imity. The eftect upon the sightseers was magical, they 
breaking through our lines with wild screams, and knocking 
the boys around like toys. The men, with a bound, cleared 
the fences, and run like deer, but many of the poor women 
were left hanging on the posts by their petticoats and hoops, 
while the terrified children lay upon the ground and shrieked. 
Never did we see a battle opened with such a prelude before, 
and it did us more good than all the harangues our generals 
could have delivered. 

General Seymour, whose brigade occupied the extreme 
right, deployed the Bucktails, with the Second as a sup- 
port, as skirmishers. Advancing up the foot-hills, we soon 
became engaged, driving the enemy close on to the moun- 
tains, where, coming to a stone wall, they rallied and made 
a desperate resistance ; but the flags of the Reserve were 
forced over it, and then took place the most exciting and 
spirited fight we ever witnessed. Generally speaking, fight- 
ing is too earnest work for the boys to see much fun in it, 
but the women down the road put the devil into their heads, 
and the insurgents could not knock it out of them. The 
ground was of the most difficult character for the movement 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 177 

of troops, the mountain-side being very steep and rocky, 
and obstructed by stone walls, rocks and timber, from 
behind which the enemy, in lines and squads, kept up an 
incessant fire. All order and regularity of our lines was 
soon destroyed, and the regiments became mixed up, the 
battle partaking of the nature of a free fight, in which 
every one went in according to his fancy. From wall to 
wall, and rock to rock, the enemy were driven, squads of 
boys outflanking them, and getting outflanked in turn. But 
higher and higher we went, until at last our banners caught 
the last gleam of the setting sun, and the cheers of victory 
rolled down the mountain-side. It was dark before the bat- 
tle was over, but desultory firing of musketry lasted until 
nine o'clock. Hooker, fearing we were going too fast for 
safety during the action, sent Duryea's Brigade to our sup- 
port, but they did not arrive until after dark, when they 
loudly cheered the victors. When the Reserves prepared 
to move up the mountain. General Meade ordered Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Clark, commanding the Third, to move his regi- 
ment some distance to the right, and occupy an eminence to 
protect that flank, and watch any movement of the enemy 
in that direction. When the action became general, the 
First Massachusetts Cavalry arrived, and relieved Clark, 
who moved his command in the direction of the fire, and 
was ordered by Meade to the support of Ransom's battery, 
who had a section of guns on a prominent and exposed 
position. Here they remained until the close of the battle. 
The loss in the Reserves was 399, and among the wounded 
were Colonel Thos. F. Gallagher, commanding the Third 
Brigade, and Colonel Bolinger, of the Seventh. General 
M'Clellan reported our total loss at 312 killed, 1,234 
wounded, and 22 missing, making a total of 1,568. We 
took 1,500 prisoners. He says : " The loss of the enemy in 
killed was much greater than our own, and probably also 
in wounded." This, however, from the nature of the ground 
12 



178 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

and fighting, could not have been so, but was probably the 
reverse. 

In the Eegiment, there was a man who had been 

through the Mexican war, and in this so far, but who had 
never been in a battle, he always shirking; and neither the 
threats of his officers nor the ridicule of his comrades could 
induce him to go into danger, as he declared he had a pre- 
sentiment he would be killed in the first fight. At last he 
refused to do fatigue duty, and, as a soldier who will neither 
fight nor work is not particularly desirable about a regiment, 
an officer detailed two men to make him go in and take his 
chance along with his comrades. Soon after he got under 
fire he lay down behind a log, where he was reasonably 
safe ; but rising to go to a rock a few feet off, he fell dead, 
pierced by nine of the enemy's balls.* Shirking, of course, 
was never allowed, and no man of proper spirit would dis- 
grace himself in the eyes of his comrades by it. Some 
brave men, at times, from not being well, felt nervous, and 
went to their officers and asked to be excused from going 
in, and we never knew of an instance of their being refused. 

Ammunition was supplied through the night, and at noon 
the next day the Reserves left the mountains and moved off 
on the National road towards Antietam, the Third marching 
with the battery. At Boonsboro, we found the churches 
and buildings filled with the enemy's wounded, and a large 
number of prisoners doing fatigue duty with them. Many 
of these were our old friends of Longstreet's corps, whom 
we had met in every battle but one, and a young reb. of 
the Seventeenth Virginia, who was wounded and taken at 

♦Bravery is born in us, and not acquired. It lies in the blood and is a species of 
instinct. It is involuntary, and depends not upon ourselves. It is always thought- 
lessly impetuous, and is inspired by the impulse of example, the blindness arising 
from common danger and the heat of battle. 

Courage, which is generally confounded with bravery, is not always united with it. 
It is in the soul, and is a real virtue, a sublime and noble sentiment. It is animated 
by patriotism, self-respect, and a zeal for the cause engaged in. It is not inaccessible 
to fear; but it overcomes it. Bravery, in the hour of danger, is sometimes weakened 
by reflection; courage is always strengthened by it. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 179 

Glendale, and who was again slightly in luck, grasped the 
hand of his captor with the warmth and delight of a school- 
boy. Here, early in the day, our cavalry overtook the ene- 
my's, killing and wounding a number, and capturing two 
hundred and fifty prisoners and two guns. At Boonsboro 
we turned to the left, and marched to Keedysville. Early 
the next morning, the 16th, the Third rejoined the division, 
which laid to the right of the Keedysville and Williamsport 
road, and were just in time to receive a scanty supply of cof- 
fee and crackers to breakfast on. 

Before dark, on the 14th, Franklin had driven the enemy 
from Crampton's Gap several miles southeast of Turner's 
Gap. The next morning, at eight o'clock. Harpers Ferry, 
with its 11,500 troops and vast supplies, was causelessly sur- 
rendered by Colonel Miles,* of Bull Run dishonor. On the 
morning of the 16th, Jackson rejoined Lee at Antietam. 
At noon Walker arrived, and on the 17th M'Laws came up. 
By the evening of the 15th the whole of M'Clellan's army 
was concentrated in the same neighborhood, the batteries 
posted, and the men laid down upon their arms. 

* Colonel Dixon S. Miles, Second Infantry. Killed while the white flag was flying. 



180 THE THIRD RESERVE. 



CHAPTER XII. 

Battle of Antietam — Strength of the Armies — The Reserves 
Open THE Battle — The 17th — Attack Before Daylight — Des- 
perate Fighting — Fall of Mansfield — "Bull" Sumner Goes 
In — Hooker Wounded — Gallantry op Barlow — Richardson 
Killed — Burnside on the Left — Brilliant Charge of Hart- 
banft — Loss of the Third — Loss of the Two Armies — Troph- 
ies — Field Hospital — A Surgeon's Duty — Rebels Recross the 
Potomac — The Field After the Battle — Burying the Dead 
— Griffin Captures a Battery — Stuart Repulsed. 

Antietam, September 16th and 17th, 1862. 

ANTIETAM creek is crossed by four stone bridges — the 
upper oiie, on our right, on the Keedysville and Williams- 
port road ; the second one, about two and a half miles below, 
on the Keedysville and Sharpsburg pike; the third, about 
a mile below the second, on the Rohrersville and Sharpsburg 
road; and the fourth, near the mouth of Antietam creek, 
on the road leading from Harpers Ferry to Sharpsburg, 
and some three miles below the third. The stream has a 
few difficult fords. The enemy's position was a very strong 
one, on the heavily-wooded heights west of Antietam creek, 
stretching from it to the Potomac, with both flanks and 
rear protected by them. They were commanded by Gen- 
eral Lee, and consisted of Generals Jackson's, Longstreet's, 
D. H. Hill's, Ransom's, Jenkin's, Stuart's and other troops, 
and numbered from 70,000 to 80,000,* though Lee says 
they were under 40,000 men. 

Our forces were composed of Generals Hooker's, Sum- 
ner's, Fitz John Porter's, Franklin's, Burnside's and Banks' 

*Pollard, in his Southern History of the War, says of this battle : 
" It was fought for half the day with 45,000 men on the Confederate side ; and for 
the remaining half with no more than an aggregate of 70,000 men." 

The Richmond Enquirer of September 23d, says it has "authentic particulars" of 
the battle; and that "the ball was opened on Tuesday evening about six o'clock, by 
all our available force, 00,000 strong, commanded by General Robert E. Lee in person." 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 181 

corps, Couch's division and Pleasonton's cavalry, and num- 
bered 87,164 men. This includes, however, 4,320 cavalry, 
which were of little use; Couch's division of 5,000 men and 
Humphrey's division of raw recruits, neither of which arrived 
until the battle was over, and numbered about 15,000 men. 

General Lee, to gain time, on the 15th and 16th ostenta- 
tiously displayed his infantry to sight, exposing them to our 
artillery fire, but the next day they were kept well concealed 
in the woods. On the 16th, the two armies faced each other 
idly until four o'clock in the afternoon, when " Fighting Joe 
Hooker " was sent on his old errand of turning the enemy's 
left flank, backed by Sumner, Franklin and Mansfield, who 
were to come into action successively nearer the enemy's 
center. 

It was near three o'clock when our division, followed by 
Eicketts' and Doubleday's, which constituted our corps, 
crossed the Antietam at a ford and the upper bridge, and 
advanced to open the battle. A squadron of cavalry pre- 
ceded us, and after moving about a mile on the Williams- 
port road we turned sharp to the left, into the fields, with 
woods in front and on either side. We advanced slowly in 
columns of division, ready to form to resist cavalry, which 
hovered on our flanks and front. The Bucktails and eight 
companies of the Third were thrown out as skirmishers, 
and Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, with the remaining division 
of his regiment, advanced with the column. The skirm- 
ishers were soon engaged, and the enemy opened with a 
battery, to which Cooper's replied, and Seymour's Brigade 
advanced to their support. The Second and Third Brigades 
were immediately pushed forward by Meade, and delivering 
heavy volleys, steadily advanced, driving the enemy from 
the strip of woods over the fields to the woods beyond. In 
the corn-field in our front was a battery supported by masses 
of infantry deployed around it, which played upon Seymour's 
Brigade. General Meade posted Ransom's battery of 
twelve-pounders on the far edge of the woods just gained, 



182 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

which opened a destructive enfilading fire upon them, soon 
causing the infantry to seek the shelter of the woods, and 
the guns to withdraw to its edge, from which they shelled 
the woods we occupied. Darkness closed the contest, though 
the artillery continued firing slowly until near ten o'clock. 
That night we rested on our arms, on ground won from the 
enemy. Our pickets were so close that several of the 
enemy's unintentionally got into our lines at different points, 
and were captured. During the night, the enemy made two 
attacks upon our pickets, but were repulsed each time with- 
out our losing any ground. 

Such was the position of the contending forces that the 
battle must commence the next morning, as soon as it was 
light enough to distinguish friend from foe. At three 
o'clock,* our pickets, fearing other troops would get ahead 
of them, and being determined the Reserves should have 
the honor of opening this day's battle also, commenced a 
brisk skirmish, and were at once re-enforced by the Second, 
and, in a short time, by the balance of Seymour's Brigade, 
which, by early daylight, was engaged in a desperate strug- 
gle in the second line of woods. Ricketts' division was 
soon after sent, by General Hooker, to re-enforce Seymour's 
Brigade: and Doubleday's division was advanced to the 
right, along the woods occupied by the Second and Third 
Brigades of Reserves. Hood's division, that fought us the 
afternoon before, and bothered us through the night, was 
replaced by Ewell's and D. R. Jones' divisions, under Gen- 
eral Jackson, who commanded the left wing of the enemy. 
Against these veterans, Meade hurled the Reserves, backed 
by the other troops, and drove them into the woods and 
almost through it, but not until the rebel General Stark 
was killed, and Jones and Lawton were wounded. Hood's 
division now returned, backed by the brigades of Ripley, 
Colquitt, Garland t (now under Colonel M'Rae), and D. R. 

♦ September 17th. 

t Brigadier-General Garland. Killed at South Mountain. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 183 

Jones, and the conflict was renewed with determined energy. 
Back into the woods we pressed them, until we felt the full 
weight of the fire of the fresh troops, when our lines showed 
signs of wavering. 

Hooker called on Doubleday, for iiis "best brigade, 
instantly." Gallantly they dashed up, led by Hartsuff, and 
were soon on our right, delivering their volleys. Our lines 
were steadied, and the woods resounded with the continuous 
roar of musketry, and the waves of flame and smoke swayed 
to and fro. By this time the whole of the enemy's re-enforce- 
ments were in action, pressing us hard, forcing back our right 
flank, and curving us into a simi-circle. Seymour was there, 
cheering us on, and the gallant Hartsuff, whose brigade 
received the weight of the enemy's shock, and had been 
driven back, fell wounded in our ranks. In spite of all the 
exertions of the officers and the determination of the men, 
who needed no urging on, we were broken down and driven 
back by the sheer heat of the fire. 

The Reserves, we suppose, were very much like other 
troops, and when they were once thoroughly broken up and 
scattered, it was merely the waste of lives to attempt to 
rally them under fire, without a support was near. We have 
seen the attempt made a number of times, but it always 
resulted in the same thing. We were broken up this time, 
and ran as fast as our legs would carry us, for about five 
hundred yards, when we came to a depression of the ground, 
where the division all collected. The officers and men waved 
their flags, and called aloud the number of their respective 
regiments, and in an incredible short time — a very few 
moments — our bright lines were re-formed ; our bright lines 
— for we never saw our brigade look so glorious before. 
Seymour knew by the boys' eyes how their hearts felt, and 
with loud cheers they followed him, and dashed upon the sur- 
prised foe, to whom they appeared to rise from out the earth. 

Meade, whose quick eye had discerned our trouble, 
instantly brought Ransom's guns into battery, which opened 



184 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

upon the advancing column with grape and canister. The 
Third Brigade, Colonel Anderson, formed behind a fence 
bordering the blood-soaked corn-field, and poured into the 
enemy enfilading volleys. The Second Brigade was double- 
quicked to our rescue, and, with our own and Ricketts', 
hurled back the enemy from the corn-field far into the woods. 

At daybreak, the Third, under Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, 
having been rejoined by the detached companies of skir- 
mishers, moved with the Second Brigade to the right, with 
the Third Brigade on the right and Doubleday's division in 
advance. Moving in columns of battalions in mass, they 
advanced towards the Hagerstown pike, until reaching a 
ravine in front of the corn-field. Here the enemy opened 
upon them, and a warm contest ensued for the possession of 
the field. The troops in front giving way, Meade deployed 
both brigades, and formed his line of battle along the fence 
bordering the corn-field, for the purpose of covering the 
withdrawal of these troops. At this moment, Seymour's 
Brigade, some distance to the left, gave way, and Meade 
ordered the Second Brigade to their rescue. The brigade 
started on the double-quick, moving to the left flank in line 
of battle, but, on account of demonstrations on their front, 
they were halted and faced several times, during which they 
were exposed to a severe fire of artillery and musketry, from 
which they sufl'ered severely. Arriving in their position, 
they fronted and immediately engaged the enemy, and, with 
Seymour and Ricketts, drove them back into the woods. 
Anderson, at the same time, with the Third Brigade, gained 
full possession of the bloody corn-field. 

Soon after General Hooker's corps became engaged he 
ordered up Mansfield's corps, which had crossed the Antie- 
tam during the night, and bivouacked about a mile in our 
rear. General Williams' division was deployed on our right, 
with the right of its right brigade, under Crawford, resting 
on the Hagerstown and Sharpsburg pike. General Green's 
division joined Williams' left. During the deployment the 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 185 

gallant Mansfield fell, mortally wounded, while in front of his 
troops. The command of the Twelfth Corps now devolved 
upon General Williams, and it became engaged about 
seven A.M., the attack being opened by Hampton's Pitts- 
burg, Cothran's New York, and Knapp's Pennsylvania bat- 
teries. The enemy, who occupied the woods on the west of 
the pike in force, pushed a column of troops into the open 
field, east of the pike. The woods were traversed by out- 
cropping ledges of rock ; and several hundred yards to the 
right and rear was a hill, which commanded the debouche 
of the woods, and on which their artillery was posted. In 
the fields between was a long stone wall, continued by 
breastworks of rails, behind which was placed infantry. 
The woods formed a screen, behind which all this was con- 
cealed. For about two hours the battle raged with varied 
success, the enemy endeavoring to drive our troops into the 
second line of woods, and ours, in turn, to get possession of 
the line in front. Our troops at last succeeded, by desperate 
fighting, in driving the enemy into the woods beyond the 
pike, near the Dunker Church. In this conflict. General 
Crawford, commanding Williams' division, was seriously 
wounded. 

General Sumner's corps, having crossed the Antietam in 
the morning, about nine o'clock, Sedgwick's division was 
sent to relieve Crawford's, and, entering the woods west of 
the pike, they drove the enemy before them. The first line 
was met by a heavy fire of musketry and shell from the 
breastworks and batteries, and, at the same time, a heavy 
column attacked and drove back Green's division, and gained 
the rear of Sedgwick's. General Howard* immediately faced 
the third line to the rear, preparatory to a change of front 
to meet the column advancing on the left, but his line 
received so severe and destructive a fire in front, while 
executing this movement, and which it was unable to return, 

*Major-General O. 0. Howard, wounded at Fair Oaks. Subsequently, chief of the 
Freedman Bureau. 



186 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

that it gave way towards the right and rear, aud was soon 
followed by the first and second lines. General Gorman's 
Brigade and a regiment of Dana's soon rallied, and checked 
the advance of the enemy. The second and third lines now 
formed on the left of Gorman's Brigade, and poured a 
destructive fire upon the enemy. General Gordon, whose 
brigade Sumner had ordered to the support of Sedgwick, 
arrived after Sedgwick had given way, and, finding himself 
opposed by a superior force, was compelled to withdraw to 
the rear of the batteries at the second line of woods. As 
Gordon's troops unmasked our batteries on the left, they 
opened with canister, aud the enemy, unable to withstand 
their deadly fire in front, and the musketry from the right, 
were driven back with great slaughter. 

During this assault, Generals Sedgwick and Dana were 
seriously wounded. About the time of Sedgwick's advance, 
General Hooker, who had just reconnoitered the ground in 
front on foot, and had re-mounted amid a shower of bullets, 
received a severe and intensely painful wound through the 
foot, and was compelled to leave the field. At his request. 
General Meade assumed the command of his corps. Gen- 
eral Seymour thereupon took command of the Reserves; 
and Colonel Roberts, of his brigade. Ten o'clock came. 
The Reserves, who had but little or no sleep during the 
night, had been fighting from before daybreak. They had 
been twenty-two hours without food, having neither supper 
nor breakfast, and many of the men's cartridge-boxes were 
entirely empty. Hooker had sent for fresh troops, to replace 
them, and, amidst a hail of musket-balls, they marched to 
the rear as coolly and steady as on parade. Crossing the 
blood-soaked corn-field, they entered the first strip of woods, 
and were lain down to await the issue of an assault upon the 
right, which being repulsed without their assistance, they 
moved beyond the woods, on to a ridge, where rations and 
ammunition awaited them. "By two P.M., the division of 
the Pennsylvania Reserves now commanded by General 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 187 

Seymour, were organized on this ridge, supplied with 
ammunition, and held in readiness to repel an attack, if the 
enemy should attempt one on our right flank, or assist in 
any advance he might make." * 

While the conflict was so obstinately raging on our front 
and riffht. General French's division, of Sumner's corps, 
was eno-aged with the enemy further to the left. An attempt 
to carry the line of heights was met with a counter-charge 
by the insurgents, but repulsed. Successive attempts to 
turn their right and left were foiled, and after a bloody com- 
bat of four hours, French paused, having gained consider- 
able ground, but not carrying the heights. 

On the left of French, General Richardson's division was 
hotly engaged. They moved steadily forward under a severe 
fire, and engaged the enemy near Roulette's house. Reach- 
ing the crest, they found the enemy posted in a sunken 
road, and in a corn-field in rear of the road. Here Meagher's 
Brio-ade exhausted their ammunition in a hot combat with 
the enemy, and the gallant General being wounded, they 
were ordered to give place to Caldwell's Brigade. The bat- 
tle raged with great fury, when Colonel Barlow f seized the 
opportunity of turning the enemy's left flank in the sunken 
road, with the Sixty-first and the Sixty-fourth New York 
Volunteers. He captured over three hundred prisoners and 
three flags, and, the other regiments of Caldwell's Brigade 
advancing, they drove the enemy in confusion through the 
corn-fleld beyond. Soon after, the enemy, maneuvering 
behind a ridge, successively attacked them on the right and 
left flanks and front, but were signally repulsed each time, 
and hurled back, our lines advancing and seizing Doctor 
Piper's house, a defensible building very near the Hagers- 
town pike, and about the center of the enemy's lines. Here 
the infantry flghting ceased, the artillery being brought into 



* General Meade's official report. 

t Colonel Francis C. Barlow, of New York. Appointed Brigadier-General September 
19th, 1862. Wounded at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 



188 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

play. Near this point fell Major-General Israel B. Richard- 
son, mortally wounded. With the exception of some minor 
fighting, and the repulse of a heavy line of infantry by 
General Pleasanton, with sixteen guns, the operations on 
this portion of the field closed. About noon, Franklin's 
corps arrived from Crampton's Gap, and was sent to the 
right, where Sumner's and Meade's corps were hotly en- 
gaged. 

General Burnside's corps held our extreme left, opposite 
the bridge on the Rohrersville and Sharpsburg road. This 
was held by General Toombs,* with the Second and Twen- 
tieth Georgia Infantry, some sharp-shooters, and the batter- 
ies of General D. R. Jones. Burnside was ordered at eight 
A.M. to carry the bridge and heights beyond, and to 
advance along the crest upon Sharpsburg and its rear. 
Several attempts were made to execute this order, but were 
repulsed until about one P.M., when it was carried by a 
brilliant charge of the Fifty-first Pennsylvania, Colonel 
John F. Hartranft,t and Fifty-first New York Volunteers. 
The enemy retreated to the heights, but it was three o'clock 
before Burnside charged up the heights, carrying them 
handsomely, some of his troops reaching the outskirts of 
Sharpsburg. It was a short-lived triumph, however. Lee, 
who had been too hard pressed on his left to spare any 
troops, was now re-enforced by A. P. Hill's division, which 
had just arrived from Harpers Ferry. Hill, under cover of 
a heavy fire of artillery, charged our extreme left and front, 
and drove our men back down the heights, and pressed on 
towards the bridge until checked by the fire of our batteries 
on the opposite side. Darkness soon after put an end to the 
combat, and the enemy held the heights. Brigadier-General 
Isaac P. Rodman, who led our charge, was mortally wounded, 
and General Branch, of North Carolina, who led the insur- 
gent, was killed. 

* Robert Toombs, of Georgia, this day wounded. 
fSubsequently twice Governor of Pennsylvania. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 189 

General M'Clellan, in his official report, says: "If this 
important movement had been consummated two hours ear- 
lier, a position would have been secured upon the heights 
from which our batteries might have enfiladed the greater 
part of the enemy's line, and turned their right and rear; 
our victory might thus have been much more decisive." 
Thus terminated, indecisively, one of the bloodiest days of 
the war, in which, for fourteen hours, over 150,000 men 
and 500 pieces of artillery * were engaged. That night the 
enemy withdrew their line far to the rear, beyond the 
Hagerstown pike ; and we slept on the field from which we 
drove them. 

General Meade says : " The Reserves went into action 
3,000 strong, and lost in killed and wounded over 570 men," 
or about one-fifth. Meade received a contusion from a spent 
grape-shot, and had two horses killed under him. Among 
those killed was Colonel M'JSTeal of the Bucktails, a gallant 
soldier, an accomplished gentleman and a sincere Christian. 
The loss in the Third was heavy, f and among those 
killed was Captain Florentine H. Straub, of Company D, a 
brave and gallant officer, who appeared to know not what 
fear was. Among the wounded was Captain George D. 
Davenport, Company B, and Lieutenant F. G. Nicholson, 
of the same company, both brave and meritorious officers. 

M'Clellan puts the loss of our army in this battle at 2,010 
killed, 9,-416 wounded, and 1,043 missing, making a total of 
12,469. Lee, in his official report of this battle, written 
March 6th, 1863, is silent as to his loss. The "Reports of 
the operations of the Army of Virginia, from June, 1862, to 
December 13th, 1862," published by the insurgent govern- 
ment, makes their loss in the Maryland battles only 1,567 
killed, and 8,724 wounded, making a total of 10,291; and 
says nothing of the missing. This is, palpably and pur- 
posely, an under-statement. M'Clellan says : " About 2,700 

*M'Clellan's report. 

fFor list of the killed and wounded, see appendix A. 



190 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

of the enemy's dead were, under the direction of Major 
Davis, assistant inspector-general, counted and buried upon 
the battle-field of Antietam. A portion of their dead had 
been previously buried by the enemy. * * * Thirteen 
guns, thirty-nine colors, upwards of 15,000 stand of small 
arms, and more than 6,000 prisoners, were the trophies which 
attest the success of our army in the battles of South Moun- 
tain, Crampton's Gap, and Antietam. Not a single gun nor 
color was lost by our army during these battles." 

The reports of Lee's corps or division commanders, gives 
the following aggregates: 

° ° Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. 

Longstreet's 964 5,234 1,310 7,508 

Jackson's 351 2,030 57 2,438 

D.H. Hill's 464 1,852 925 3,241 

A.P.Hill's ; 63 283 346 

Total 1,842 9,399 2,292 13,533 

D. H. Hill reports that, out of less than 5,000 men, he 
had 3,241 disabled. Lawton's Brigade lost 554 men out of 
1,150. 

By night almost all the wounded were collected in and 
around the diflerent farm-houses and buildings, where the 
same attention was shown to the enemy's as to our own.* 
Rude tables were put up, on which the operations were per- 
formed, and from which dripped the blood, while near by were 
the amputated arms and legs. The wounded lay near by, gaz- 
ing at the sight, patiently and resignedly waiting their turn to 
be lifted upon the tables, around which the surgeons stood 
with their sleeves rolled up, performing the operations with 
perfect coolness and seeming indifference. A surgeon 

*This is literally true. After the battle, the author visited the hospitals in search 
of the wounded of his regiment, and particularly noticed that the wounded were 
treated in rotation, regardless of the side they fought on. He saw rebel limbs ampu- 
tated while there were thousands of Unionists waiting their turn. The rebels spoke 
of the kindness of our stretcher-men in removing them from the field, where they 
expected to be left for days, as they had left our wounded on the Peninsula and at 
Bull Run. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 191 

understands well that skill and dispatch is what is required, 
and if he was to permit the sympathy he feels for the poor suf- 
ferer to have play, it might prove a great misfortune to the 
patient. Where there are thousands of cases which require 
immediate attention, and which will take the limited num- 
ber of surgeons several days to attend to, the individual is 
necessarily overlooked for the good of the mass. Where 
the probabilities are strongly against saving a man, he is not 
operated upon, but made as easy as circumstances will 
admit, and the same principle is applied to the saving or 
losing of a limb. This is an imperative necessity that the 
exigency of the occasion requires. After the operations 
were completed, the patients were laid on straw or hay^ 
in the buildings, or on the grass in rows, and over those that 
were exposed were stretched blankets to protect them from 
the rays of the sun. Water and food were distributed to 
them by the nurses, and the stretcher-men removed and 
buried those that died. 

Numerous farmers of Maryland and Pennsylvania visited 
the hospitals, bringing with them bread, cakes, pies, cooked 
poultry, milk, etc., which they distributed to the wounded, 
and all of them appeared anxious to get a soldier to take 
home to nurse. 

General Lee, of course, did not care to renew the battle 
the next day, and M'Clellan remained quiet. General 
M'Clellan states it was his intention to renew the battle on 
the 19th, but, when his cavalry advance reached the river, 
they discovered the enemy had decamped, leaving us only 
his dead and seme 2,000 badly wounded. The whole army 
was moved forward towards the river, our division marching 
early in the morning to the front and right about three 
miles, crossing the Hagerstown and Sharpsburg pike, and 
encamping near the Potomac, above Sharpsburg. Our 
route took us over and along the enemy's line, and we found 
the fields and woods literally covered with their dead. At 
one point, where they had crossed the fields and pike 
obliquely, and where they must have received a terrible fire 



192 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

of musketry, the formation of their line was distinctly 
marked by their dead, who were stretched in long rows, 
showing, at the time they received the fire, they were well 
dressed. The effect of this fire must have been crushing, 
none of their dead lying in front of their line, though to the 
rear the ground was covered with them. In one thing their 
dead differed from ours : large water blisters, in many cases, 
entirely covered their hands. The Confederates were drag- 
ged into rows, by ropes placed around their ankles, and 
covered with earth. Many of our men were buried by their 
comrades, and their graves marked with their names and 
regiments penciled on boards. Where the bodies were not 
marked with slips of paper, or could not be identified, they 
were buried in rows, in wide graves, side by side. It 
impressed one with sad feelings to see such terrible destruc- 
tion of human life, and caused us to wonder if we were not 
demons instead of God's creatures. 

The enemy having posted eight batteries, supported by 
six hundred infantry, under Pendleton, to cover his cross- 
ing, at dark on the 19th, General Griffin, with his own and 
Barnes' brigades, of Porter's corps, crossed, and, after a 
smart action, took four guns, and drove back their support ; 
but the next day a part of the corps, making a reconnais- 
sance in force, was ambushed by A. P. Hill, and badly cut 
up, with the loss of two hundred prisoners. In this affair, 
the One Hundred and Eighteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, 
Colonel Provost (The Corn Exchange Regiment), suffered 
severely. 

On the 19th, General Stuart recrossed the Potomac, at 
Williamsport, with 4,000 cavalry and a battery of six guns, 
backed by 10,000 infantry. General Couch was dispatched 
with his division, supported by other troops, and attacking, 
drove him back with considerable loss. On the 20th, Gen- 
eral Williams, with the Twelfth Corps, occupied Maryland 
Heights; and on the 22d, Sumner, with the Second Corps, 
took possession of Harpers Ferry. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 193 



CHAPTER XIII. 

The President's Visit — Stuart Raids to Chambersburg — Resigna- 
tions AND Promotions — The Doctor's Birthday — Effort to 
Reorganize the Reserves — One Hundred and Twenty-first and 
One Hundred and Forty-second Regiments, Pennsylvania Volun- 
teers — Promotion OF Reynolds — Meade Commands the Reserves 
— March TO Berlin — Cross the Potomac — Snicker's Gap — Mid- 
DLEBURG — Paroled Rebs — White Plains — Warrenton — The 
Generous Corporal — Burnside Supersedes M'Clbllan — Fitz 
John Porter Relieved — Plans of Campaign — The Grand Divi- 
sion — To Fayetteville — Departure of Seymour — Bealton — 
Hartwood — Brooke's Station — The Picket — Cool Politeness — 
March. 

ON THE 1st of October, the President, Abraham Lincoln, 
visited the army, and remained with us several days, 
during which he rode through the encampments, reviewed 
the troops, and visited the hospitals. At the latter he made 
short addresses, and took many of the sufferers by the hand, 
speaking kindly to them, and showing the same regard and 
feeling for the Confederate wounded as for our own. 

Lee soon retired to the vicinity of Bunker Hill and Win- 
chester, and on the 10th of October sent Stuart, with 1,800 
cavalry and a battery of horse-artillery, on a raid into Penn- 
sylvania, and around our army. Crossing the Potomac above 
"Williamsport, Stuart pushed rapidly to Chambersburg, where 
he burnt a great many buildings, destroyed 5,000 muskets, 
and paroled 275 sick and wounded soldiers. General 
M'Clellan made extensive preparations to insure his capture, 
but his plans were foiled by lack of energy and zeal upon 
the part of those entrusted with the execution of them. 
Stuart re-crossed the Potomac, below the Monocacy. 

While we lay here, the following changes took place in 
the regiment: Captain David D. Feaster, Company C, a 
brave officer, who had rendered good service to his country, 
13 



194 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

was discharged on account of ph3'8ical disability. Second 
Lieutenant Joseph B. Roberts, another brave officer of the 
same company, was discharged on account of wounds 
received at Glendale. Adjutant Albert H. Jamieson, a gal- 
lant and meritorious officer, was honorabl}' discharged on 
account of ill health. Harry S. Jones, "My sergeant-major, 
who cannot lie," was promoted Adjutant, vice Jamieson, dis- 
charged. Orderly-Sergeant John H. Crothers, was promoted 
First Lieutenant, Company C, vice Yardley, promoted Cap- 
tain and Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers. Corporal 
Henry W. Sutton was promoted Second Lieutenant Com- 
pany C, vice Roberts, discharged. First Lieutenant Andrew 
J. Stetson was promoted Captain Company D, vice Floren- 
tine H. Straub, killed at Antietam. Second Lieutenant 
Jacob V. Shillings was promoted First Lieutenant Company 
D, vice Stetson, promoted. Orderly-Sergeant Albert Briner 
was promoted Second Lieutenant Company D, vice Shil- 
lings, promoted. Orderly-Sergeant Henry S. Moulton, pro- 
moted Second Lieutenant Company F, vice Jamieson, dis- 
charged. First Lieutenant Samuel J. La Rue, promoted 
Captain Company I, vice H. Clay Beatty, killed at Bull Run. 
Second Lieutenant Samuel Beatty was promoted First Lieu- 
tenant Company I, vice La Rue, promoted. Ord erl ^'-Ser- 
geant Jackson Hutchinson was promoted Second Lieutenant 
Company I, vice Beatty, promoted. About the same time, 
the Reverend John J. Pomeroy, of Franklin county, was 
appointed Chaplain, vice the Reverend George H. Frear, 
resigned. 

On the 17th, Colonel Sickel rode into camp, much to the 
joy of the men, who turned out and received him with loud 
cheers. The 20th being the birth-day of the most 
estimable surgeon of the Third, Doctor Collins, he enter- 
tained the officers in the large hospital tent. After doing 
ample justice to the excellent supper, the guests spent the 
evening in agreeable and social conversation, recalling home 
and by-gone days. 



THE THIRD MESERVE. I95 

While we lay here, Governor Curtin was anxious to with- 
draw the Reserves, for the purpose of recruiting and reorgan- 
izing them, and, in a letter to His Excellency the President, 
said : 

******* 

"The Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, numbering thirteen 
regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry and one of 
artillery, with a numerical strength of fifteen thousand seven 
hundred and sixty men, were taken into the service of the 
United States in July, 1861, immediately after the first battle 
at Manassas. The thirteen regiments of infantry did not mus- 
ter four thousand men after the battle of Antietam. All of 
these regiments are much reduced in number, whilst many of 
them can scarcely be said to retain regimental organizations. 
The brilliant history of the Reserve Corps in the war, and 
the State pride, which has followed them since they entered 
the service, together with the circumstances surroundino- 
their organization, would, I have no doubt, prove such incen- 
tives to enlistment, that the corps could be filled to the max- 
imum in a short space of time. 

"I suggest that the corps be returned to the State, and 
placed in the camp at this capital, and, if I am correct in 
my impression, the success would aftect the minds of our 
people favorably, and other regiments in the service could be 
filled in their turn promptly. 

* " It is proper that, in this connection, I should say that 
the suggestions reflect the opinion of all the ofiicers of the 
corps." * * * 

The governor, however, was not successful in his endeavor, 
and renewed eflbrts were made to fill up our ranks by recruit- 
ing parties. It may as well be stated here, the Reserves, 
during their three years' service, received over 5,000 recruits 
making the entire number of men they took into the field 
over 20,000. Our division had become so reduced in streno-th 
that it became necessary to re-enforce it by the addition of 
other regiments. Therefore, the One Hundred and Twenty- 



196 TSE THIRD RESERVE. 

first Pennsylvania Volunteers, Colonel Chapman Biddle, (a 
Philadelphia regiment,) was assigned to the First Brigade ; 
and the One Hundred and Forty-second Pennsylvania Vol- 
unteers, Colonel Robert P. Cummings,* was joined to the 
Second Brigade. When General Reynolds returned to the 
army, he was assigned to the command of our corps, the 
First. General Meade then resumed the command of the 
division. 

On the 6th of October, General M'Clellan received orders 
to " cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy, or drive 
him south." This order was responded to by calling for 
re-enforcements and supplies. Between the 26th of that 
month and the 2d of November, the army crossed. The 
plan of the campaign was to move parallel to the Blue 
Ridge, seize the passes of the mountains, and head the 
enemy off somewhere between the Potomac and Richmond. 

On Sunday, the 26th, the Reserves broke camp at ten A. 
M., and marched towards Berlin. A cold rain-storm pre- 
vailed all day, rendering the movement tiresome and hard 
upon the men. That night they bivouacked in Pleasant 
Valley, near the western base of the South Mountains. 
Late the next afternoon they reached Berlin. Early on 
the 30th they crossed the Potomac on the pontoons, and 
encamped near Lovettsville, Virginia, where, on the 31st, 
they were inspected and mustered for pay. On the Ist of 
November they marched through Waterford, and encamped 
about two miles west of Hamilton. The next day. Captain 
Washington Richards and Sergeants John M. James and 
George B. Davis were detailed to proceed to Camp Curtin, 
Pennsylvania, to bring on recruits. The next morning the 
division marched, and, towards dark, passed through Philo- 
mont, whose inhabitants appeared not to know the name of 
it, and bivouacked two miles beyond, near Snicker's Gap, 
where there had been a lively artillery skirmish in the 
morning for the possession of the pass. Our dismounted 



*0f Somerset county. Killed at Gettysburg, July let, 1863. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 197 

cavalry drove the enemy out. Early the next morning, the 
4th, we moved a short distance, to Uniontown, and halted 
until three P.M., when we marched on, passing Franklin's 
corps and Couch's division at their bivouacs, and lay for the 
night on a high table-land. Early the next morning we 
moved off, fording the head-waters of Goose creek, a 
broad and rapid stream, and passed through Middleburg, 
and halted beyond to take dinner. Here we found a num- 
ber of paroled wounded rebs, who appeared quite sociable 
with the boys. About 4 P.M. we again moved on, and, as 
there was a long wagon train in advance, and the roads 
were exceedingly bad, the march was slow and tedious. 
After dark we passed throughWhite Plains, a deserted village 
on the Manassas Gap railroad, and, marching two miles 
beyond, countermarched a mile back, and bivouacked in a 
heavy woods about ten o'clock. Although it was raining 
and we had been fourteen hours marching sixteen miles, and 
the boys were tired, we soon had bright fires burning, and 
were as contented as soldiers could be. 

The next morning, the 6th, we marched at eight o'clock 
towards Warrenton, the infantry moving on the fields, to 
leave the road clear for the artillery. Arriving at the gap 
between the Watery and the Pig-]^ut Mountains, the Buck- 
tails and the Second were thrown out as skirmishers, to 
clean the woods out on either side. They succeeded in scar- 
ing up a number of squirrels, but no gray-backs. We then 
marched on, and, about four P.M., entered Warrenton, 
and moved through and beyond it about a mile, where we 
encamped near our old ground of the preceding August. 
The inhabitants of the town, if they really felt any delight 
at our arrival, certainly did not manifest it by any outward 
signs, the female portion keeping in doors, and the men 
looking on in silence. We passed, however, a number of 
wounded paroled prisoners, whose countenances were more 
friendly, they saluting us in an easy matter-of-course style. 
The town was completely cleaned out of everything in the 



198 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

way of goods, the stores were closed, and business sus- 
pended. It now being within our lines, the inhabitants 
were exceedingly anxious to obtain supplies, and a moderate 
amount of provisions were allowed to come in. Yet some 
of them showed no gratitude for the same. A negro shoe- 
maker, who soled a pair of boots for an officer, was ordered 
by his master to refuse greenbacks, and to demand gold or 
Confederate money, it being supposed the "Yanks" pos- 
sessed none of the last named. In this, though, they were 
sadly mistaken, for an enterprising color-corporal generously 
offered to pay the bill, he receiving five dollars in corpora- 
tion currency in exchange for his ten-dollar bill, fresh from 
the banking establishment of some news-boy in Philadel- 
phia. 

While we remained here, the weather was cold and 
unpleasant, and a violent snow-storm occurred. On the 
7th of November, General M'Clellan was relieved of the 
command of the Army of the Potomac, and supersede 
by General Ambrose E. Burnside. Whatever verdict his- 
tory may pass upon General M'Clellan, it cannot be denied 
he possessed a strong hold upon the affections of the army. 
No officer or soldier who served under him will attempt to 
deny this. And there is no better proof of the thorough 
discipline of the army than the cordial and earnest support 
it immediately gave to the new commander. About the 
same time. General Fitz John Porter was relieved of his 
command. 

What General M'Clellan's plan of campaign was, is not 
fully known. It is certain though, that, at one time, he con- 
templated advancing on Richmond via Culpepper Court 
House and Gordonsville. He also issued orders for the 
rebuilding of the wharves at Acquia landing, and rebuilding 
the Acquia and Fredericksburg railroad. On the 6th of 
November, he ordered Captain Drum, his chief engineer, 
to remove all the pontoons at Berlin to Washington, and 
hold them in readiness to move. These movements indi- 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 199 

cated an advance via Fredericksburg. Our movement south 
had been so slow that it was impossible to bring the enemy 
to battle north of the Rappahannock. The plan proposed 
by General Burnside was to make a feint against Culpepper, 
and then, by a rapid movement, to seize the heights of 
Fredericksburg, and, establishing his base there, advance on 
Richmond from the north. This plan had the advantage of 
covering Washington. The armj^ was divided into three 
grand divisions. The right, consisting of the Second and 
Ninth Corps, vvas commanded by General Sumner; the 
center, composed of the Third and Fifth Corps, by General 
Hooker; and the left, of the First and Sixth Corps, com- 
manded by General Franklin. The Eleventh Corps consti- 
tuted the reserve, and was commanded by General Sigel. 

At noon on the 11th, we moved off to the southwest, and, 
before night, encamped near Fayetteville, about two miles 
from the Rappahannock. On the 14th, the Third went on 
picket for twenty-four hours. Colonel Sickel commanding 
the division line. As it was fine, clear weather, they had a 
very pleasant time. The next day they were relieved by the 
One Hundred and Twenty-first, Colonel Biddle. Here, 
General Seymour was relieved of the command of the First 
Brigade at his own request, his health not permitting him 
to go through a Winter campaign. He was succeeded by 
Colonel William Sinclair, U. S. A., commanding Sixth 
Reserves. The Third Brigade was now commanded by 
General Jackson. 

The next morning, the 17th, during a drizzling rain, we 
moved ofl" down the Bealton and Hartwood Church road, 
passing Bealton Station, Morrisville and the Gold Mines. 
After dark, when near Rockypen run, by the blunder of an 
aid-de-camp, we were sent into a woods so thickly over- 
grown with underbrush that we were forced to about-face 
and retrace our steps, and seek bivouac-grounds for our- 
selves near by. The next morning we marched along the 
fields to Hartwood Churches, where we took the road to 



200 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Stafford Court House, and, crossing Potomac creek, we 
ascended a steep hill that severely tested the strength of the 
teams to haul the guns and wagons up. It was a very hard 
day's march through the rain and mud, and towards night 
we encamped near the banks of Accaheek creek. For the 
past ten days the booming of cannon had been heard in the 
direction of the upper fords of the Rappahannock. We 
remained here four days, during which it rained continually, 
and heavy details were made to corduroy roads. So partic- 
ular were our Generals to prevent depredations being com- 
mitted on private property, that hourly roll-calls were ordered 
in each regiment, and the absentees were ordered to be put 
under arrest upon their return. 

About eight A.M., on the 22d, we moved along the fields 
bordering the Telegraph road and passed through Stafford 
Court House to Brooke's Station, on the Acquia Creek and 
Fredericksburg railroad, where we arrived about noon, and 
encamped on an elevated plain overlooking an extensive 
meadow. Here we found the remains of insurgent huts, 
which they occupied during the previous Winter. The 
sutlers, who always precede the paymaster, soon arrived 
with a supply of goods, and the boys were enabled to 
replenish their stock of tobacco, which they had been out of 
for some time. 

' On the Ist of December, Major Pomeroy arrived and paid 
the regiments off". An officer asked for two months advance 
pay, and the Major accommodated him at his own risk. 
Just before his departure, the officer handed him a sealed 
envelope. Upon opening it, the Major found a twenty- 
dollar greenback enclosed, which he returned to the officer, 
saying, "I cannot receive any compensation for accommo- 
dating one who is fighting for our country." While we lay 
here we received a full supply of clothing, some of the men 
being almost bare-footed and without blankets, and many of 
them in need of stockings, under-clothing and great coats. 
Our rations were made full and liberal, and the men appeared 
in excellent spirits. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 201 

We remained here sixteen days, and had a very pleasant 
line to picket on, making our headquarters at Mr. Schooler's 
house. Mr. S. and his family were strong secessionists, but 
had the good sense and breeding to submit to circumstances 
with grace. We rode up to the house, ordered our horses 
to be put into the stables, and the saddles and blankets into 
the parlor, which we took possession of. A young lady of 
excellent education and fascinating manners soon appeared, 
and took a seat by the fire we had built. She informed us 
they were secessionists at heart, and that her two brothers 
were in the Confederate army, but, situated as they were, 
they treated with respect the Union officers whose duty 
placed them there. Such frankness won our hearts, and 
could she or any one else expect us after that to submit to 
her cool politeness ? Their clock was out of order — a very 
fortunate affair for us. One of our officers had studied clock- 
making in his early youth, having dissected his mother's 
Lepine. He at once overhauled the clock, and, luckily, set 
it running. The piano was sadly out of tune, and another 
officer, possessed of a critical ear for music, with a cone- 
wrench put it in excellent order. In fact, we made our- 
selves at home and generally useful, and, by showing a proper 
respect for their feelings and sentiments, and getting the 
right side of madam, we succeeded in overcoming their 
cold politeness and gaining their sincere friendship. They 
played for us " My Maryland," " The Bonny Blue Flag," 
and other Confederate songs, which they sung with spirit; 
spoke of the battles past, and of the approaching one. The 
mother showed us many times the likeness of her darling, 
" Charley," a handsome boy of sixteen, who belonged to 
the Forty-seventh Virginia, whom we promised to treat 
kindly should the fortune of war ever place it in our power 
to do so. Under the flag of truce to bury the dead after Fred- 
ericksburg, we handed to a Confederate officer an unsealed 
note, from the mother to Charley. 

While we lay here, Lieutenant-Colonel John Clark was 
detailed to report to General Haupe, for duty as railroad 



202 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

constructor, and was ordered to take charge of the Acquia 
and Fredericksburg railroad. He never again rejoined the 
regiment, much to the regret of every officer and man. 

We remained at Brooke's Station until the 8th of 
December, when we broke camp early in the morning, and 
marched. It was very cold, and the roads were frozen hard 
and covered with sleet, which made it tiresome for the men 
and horses. At noon we encamped in a meadow near 
White Oak Church, having marched eight miles. While we 
lay here, all the detailed men were ordered into the ranks, 
and sixty rounds of cartridges supplied to each man. 




Lieut. Col. JOHN CLARK. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 203 



CPIAPTER XIV. 

Sumner Summons Fredericksburg — Bombardment — Laying Pontoons 

— Battle of Fredericksburg — The Field, and Strength of the 
Armies — Glorious Charge of the Reserves — The Heights Car- 
ried — Support Fails — Franklin's Testimony — Meade's Eeport 

— Lee's Report — Extract — Jackson's Loss Exceeds the Re- 
serves' Strength — Back of the City, on the Right — Marye's 
Heights — Desperate Charges — Humphrey's Gallant but Fatal 
Charge — The Loss of the Two Armies — Unworthy of Lee — 
Jackson's Report — Divine Service on the Field — Flag of 
Truce — Our Dead and Wounded — Re cross the River — Burn- 
sides Noble Qualities. 

GENERAL SUMNER'S advance reached Falmouth No- 
vember 17th, and on the 2l8t he summoned Fredericks- 
burg to surrender. The authorities replied that, while it 
would not be used to assail us, its occupation by our troops 
would be resisted to the utmost. Most of the inhabitants, 
thereupon, abandoned the place, which was occupied by Gen- 
eral Barksdale's* Mississippi Brigade, who posted themselves 
as sharp-shooters in the houses along the river. Lee's engi- 
neers were busy fortifying the heights in the rear. On the 
28th, Wade Hampton dashed across the river above, raiding 
up to Dumfries, capturing some cavalry and sutlers' wagons. 
On the 5th of December, General D. H. Hill assailed, with 
artillery, the gun-boats near Port Royal, and forced them to 
retire. He then threw up fortifications, to prevent their 
return. 

The Bombardment of Fredericksburg, December 11th. 

At two o'clock in the morning, the reveille was sounded, 
awaking the boys from their slumber on the hard, frozen 
ground, and soon the valleys and hills were lit up by innu- 

* William Barksdale, of Mississippi. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa. 



204 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

merable fires, around which they gathered to prepare their 
coffee. Soou we took up our march, the bright stars light- 
ing us on our way, and as the columns defiled through the 
gorges and woods the heavy tramp of men alone was heard. 
Soon the sound of artillery in front announced the great 
drama was about to open. Moving on to within a mile of 
the river, we halted, loaded, and stacked arms in a heavy 
pine woods, where we lay for the day and night. 

The roar of artillery, by this time, became incessant along 
the river-front, and the men, collecting on the hills, had a 
fine view of the bombardment, which now commenced 
in earnest. The engineers had attempted to lay pontoon 
bridges opposite the city, but the tenacity with which Freder- 
icksburg was held by the sharp-shooters compelled Burnside 
to dislodge them by bombardment. One hundred and forty- 
three guns were brought to bear upon the city, a large por- 
tion of which opened fire. The sight was a magnificent one, 
and towards dark it became grand. The city was on fire in 
several places, the flames and smoke ascending high into 
the air, while shells were seen bursting in every quarter. 
Great care was taken by the cannoneers to avoid injuring 
the churches, but the other prominent buildings received due 
attention. An ofiicer rode up to a battery, and, saluting the 
Lieutenant, said: "Lieutenant, do you observe that high 
building to the right of the white steeple ? That is the Shakes- 
peare Hotel, and the proprietor and his ladies are particular 
friends of mine; do me the favor of sending my compli- 
ments to them." A gun was trained upon the building, and 
soon a shell went crashing through the walls. " Thank you. 
Lieutenant, for your kindness ; you have enabled me to pay 
a debt of gratitude I have owed them since May last," and 
off" rode the facetious ofiicer. The enemy's sharp-shooters 
kept up a vigorous fire upon the cannoneers and officers 
who lined the bank, their bullets at that long range whizzing 
wickedly by. 

The pontoons had been laid half-way over during the 
night, but at daylight the workmen were driven oft". Find- 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 205 

ing it impossible to dislodge the enemy with artillery, the 
pontoon boats were filled with troops and run over, and the 
men, landing, drove the sharp-shoooters from the streets 
and houses, killing and wounding a number, and taking 
thirty-five prisoners. Our loss in the whole operation was 
nearly three hundred men. Among the first to volunteer 
to cross was the Rev. A. B. Fuller, the beloved Chaplain of 
the Sixteenth Massachusetts, who was killed by a musket 
ball. The city, from the bombardment and subsequent 
firing on during the battle, and the ransacking by the 
soldiers of both armies and the dishonest of its population, 
was reduced to a state of great dilapidation. 

At midnight, on the 10th, the Third Brigade, with Ran- 
som's and Simpson's batteries, under General Jackson, 
marched to the river, which they reached before daylight, 
and the Bucktails and Tenth were deployed as skirmishers 
along the bank of the stream. The enemy were driven 
from the opposite shore by the fire of the guns and the uner- 
ring aim of' the sharp-shooters, and the bridges successfully 
laid. 

Four pontoon bridges were laid opposite the city, and two 
about three miles below, and the possession of both banks 
secured. 

The Battle of Fkedericksburg, December 13th, 1862. 

Early on the 12th, we marched to the river bank. Por- 
tions of our corps had commenced crossing the pontoons, 
and, about eleven o'clock, the Reserves moved over, and 
halted in line of battle on the bottom land on the south 
bank, near the Burnett home. Here we ate our dinner, 
after which we moved up on the plateau, and the whole 
army formed in line of battle, presenting one of the grandest 
sights we ever witnessed. Some slight skirmishing took 
place on our front and right, the enemy using artillery. 
This was continued, to some extent, during the balance of the 
day, but the night passed quietly, we sleeping on our arms 
undisturbed. 



206 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

General Lee's array, fully 80,000* strong, was posted on 
the heavily wooded heights south of the Rappahannock, 
from a point on the river about a mile above Fredericks- 
burg, near Dr. Taylor's house, opposite the head of Beck's 
Island, to Captain Hamilton's, some four or live miles below, 
with his right resting on the bluffs of Massaponax creek. 
The right wing of his army was commanded by General 
Jackson ; and the left, by General Longstreet. 

In the plain between the bluffs of the river and these heights 
was the Union army, with the grand division of Sumner in 
and before Fredericksburg on the right; Hooker's grand 
division in the center, and Franklin's on the left. Our 
strength was about 100,000 men. The heights receded 
gradually from the river, and on our left the plateau was 
two miles broad. The enemy's three hundred guns were 
all advantageously posted, and swept the whole field, while 
all our heavy guns were on the bluff north of the river, 
where they could not render effective service. 

Our corps, the First, under General Reynolds, held the 
extreme left of the line; and the Reserves, the left of the 
corps. Early on the 13th, the enemy threw out skirmishers 
on our left, and the Bucktails and Second were sent to resist 
them. The division moved forward across the Smithfield 
ravine, and advanced down the river a half mile, when it 
turned sharp to the right, and, crossing the Bowling Green 
road, moved to within a thousand yards of the base of the 
heights, where we lay down on the crest of the field, behind 
our batteries. Our division formation was the First Brigade 
in line of battle facing the heights, with the Sixth Regiment 
deployed as skirmishers ; the Second Brigade in rear of the 
First three hundred paces; the Third Brigade by the flank, 
its right flank being a few yards to the rear of the First 
Brigade, having the Ninth Regiment deployed on its flank 
as skirmishers and flankers. Simpson's battery was posted 
on the front and left of the Third Brigade, and Cooper's 



♦ Greely's American Conflict, II Vol., page 344, 



THE 2HIRD RESERVE. 207 

and Ransom's batteries on a knoll on the left and front of 
the First Brigade. 

Hardly had we got into position before Stuart's horse bat- 
teries, near the Bowling Green road, opened a brisk fire 
upon our left and rear. The Third Brigade was faced to 
the left, thus forming, with the First, two sides of a square. 
Simpson's, Cooper's, and Ransom's batteries, were brought 
to bear upon them, and, in conjunction with some of Double- 
day's batteries in our rear, in twenty minutes silenced and 
compelled their withdrawal.* During this duel, two com- 
panies of the Third Brigade drove back a party of the 
enemy's sharp-shooters, who had advanced under cover of 
the hedges on the Bowling Green road. 

During this time, the heavy fog that hung over the field 
had lifted, and revealed to the enemy our whole line of 
battle, while theirs was concealed from our view by the 
forest and nature of the ground. The Reserves, having 
been selected by General Reynolds, commanding the First 
Corps, to storm the heights, Amsden's battery, which had 
just rejoined from detached duty, was posted on the right 
of Cooper's ; and Ransom's battery was moved to the right 
and front of the First Brigade. The Third Brigade changed 
front, and formed in line of battle on the left of the First 
Brigade, its left extending so as to be nearly opposite to the 
end of the ridge to be assaulted. The formation was barely 
executed before the insurgent Lieutenant-Colonel Walker 
opened fire from fourteen pieces of artillery, posted on their 
extreme right front. Our three batteries of twelve guns 
immediately turned upon them, and, after half an hour's 
firing, blew up two of their limbers or caissons, and drove 
the men from the guns. 

* Shortly after nine A.M., the partial rising of the mist disclosed a large force 
moving in line of battle against Jackson. Dense masses appeared in front of A. P. 
Hill, stretching far up the river in the direction of Fredericksburg. As they advanced, 
Major Pelham, of Stuart's horse-artillery, who was stationed near the Port Royal road, 
with one section, opened a rapid and well-directed enfilading fire, which arrested their 
progress.— Genera? Zee's official report, " Battle-field of Fredericksburg," (Insurgent), p. 28. 



208 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Our men immediately sprang to their feet, and, as they 
were cheering, Meade dashed up, and ordered us to charge. 
The First Brigade advanced over the field, driving the 
enemy's skirmishers before them until they reached the 
woods, out of which they drove them to the railroad and 
the base of the heights, where they were found strongly 
posted in rifle-pits and behind temporary defences. Eight 
straight over these we went, and drove the enemy out of 
them and up the heights. The heaviest firing coming from 
the right, we obliqued over to that side, flanking Archer on 
the left and Lane on the right, and breaking up and scatter- 
ing their brigades.* Pressing on, we drove everything 
before us, until our flags crowned the crest of the hill, when, 
crossing the road, we reached the open ground, across which 
we charged with wild yells, striking Gregg's Brigade, scat- 
tering it like chaff', and killing its coramander.f So sudden 
and impetuous was the charge, the enemy were taken by 
utter surprise.^ We were now beyond their musket stacks, 
which they had not time to seize, and nearly up to their 
ambulances and hospital tents. On we dashed upon Thomas' 
Brigade, and drove it in flight, and then upon the divisions 
of Early § and Taliaferro, || backed as they were by other 

* Hill, in forming his division to receive the attack, had placed the brigades of 
Archer, Lane and Pender from right to left in advance, with Gregg in the rear of the 
interval between Archer and Lane, and Thomas in the rear of that, between Lane and 
Pender. While Fields' Brigade, under command of Colonel Brockenbrough, was 
ordered to support the fourteen guns of Lieutenant-Colonel Walker on his right, 
Meade, continuing to push forward his line, drove back Lane's right and Archer's left, 
and, wedging his way through, crossed the railroad, and reached the portion of the 
New Military road held by Gregg's men, capturing, as he did so, several standards 
and two hundred VTison&TS.— Battle-field of Fredericksburg (Insurgent), p. 61. 

t Brigadier-General Maxcy Gregg, Governor-elect of South Carolina. "Tell the 
Governor of South Carolina I cheerfully yield my life for the independence of my 
State," were the dying words of this mistaken but gallant soldier. 

{So sudden and unlooked for was Meade's success, that (jeneral Gregg, mistaking 
the advancing Federals for a body of Confederates, did what he could to prevent his 
men from firing, and fell mortally wounded while doing so.— Battle-field of Fredericks- 
burg (Insurgent), p. 10. 

? Jubal A. Early, whom Sheridan rendered famous in the valley. 

II At this moment the second line, composed of Early's and Taliaferro's divisions, 
moved forward at a double-quick and turned the tide. Meade's confused line was 
compelled to draw back. The enemy was closing in on either flank, and the alterna- 
tive of a rapid retreat only was left him.— Battle-field of Fredericksburg (Insurgent), p. 17. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 209 

troops of Jackson. They met us with a counter-charge, the 
first shock of which we broke and hurled back, but they 
instantly rallied and poured into us a deadly fire, and, their 
artillery, galloping up and wheeling into battery, unlimbered 
and entiladed us from the right flank. The division of D. 
H. Hill came upon our left on the double-quick, and opened 
upon us terrific volleys of musketry, and, all support failing, 
we were forced to retreat, but not until a desperate hand-to- 
hand struggle had taken place, and the crown of victory was 
snatched from Burnside's brow. 

The Second Brigade advanced in rear of the First, and, 
upon reaching tlie railroad, received so severe a tire on their 
right flank that the Fourth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel 
Woolworth, halted and formed, and faced to the right, to 
repel the attack. The Third and Eighth regiments advanced 
up the heights; and Sickel, having the left and receiving a 
severe fire upon that flank, inclined in that direction. 
Onward they gallantly advanced until the crest was reached, 
when they encountered a heavy force of the enemy masked 
behind a thick under-growth of pine, who poured into them 
a heavy volley. Delivering their fire, the Third charged, 
with yells, and drove them from their cover. 

At this moment the First Brigade commenced falling 
back, followed by the enemy in overwhelming numbers, line 
after line succeeding each other, as if the whole strength of 
Jackson's* wing was concentrated upon this point. Sickel 
opened upon the advancing masses, and maintained a des- 
perate struggle with them as long as possible, losing in that 
short time fearfully, but at last, overpowered, they were 
driven down the heights and to the railroad, they being the 
last regiment to leave the crest. Here a part of the regi- 
ment was halted and fronted; and General Meade, who was 
attempting to form a second line in the rear, rode up. A 

*Lieutenant-General (Stonewall) Thomas Jonathan Jackson; killed at Chancellors 
ville, on the night of May 2d, 1803, by the fire, they say, of his own men. His loss was 
the greatest ever sustained by either party, in the fall of a single man. 

14 



210 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

desperate attempt to rally was made. The flags were waved 
to the front, and M'Candless, Sickels, Talley and others, 
collected some men and made a stand. Meade, whom it 
was supposed nothing could excite, having but a division to 
command, was in for fight in hot earnest, and broke the 
point of his sword upon a retreating lieutenant's shoulder- 
blade. But all was useless. The Reserves had done all that 
mortal men could do, and they felt if they stood they would 
be simply wiped-out by the fire of an overwhelming foe, 
without achieving any good. A heavy infantry fire was 
concentrated upon them, and the enemy's lines came pour- 
ing down the heights. Yet the insurgents halted, to dress 
their lines. Volleys were poured into us, and every musket 
was vocal, but the little handful was swept from the field, 
and reaching our batteries, we lay down behind them, the 
enemy not following beyond the base of the heights. Here 
we found Collis' Zouaves (One Hundred and Fourteenth 
Pennsylvania Volunteers), of Birney's division. 

The Third Brigade, which held the extreme left of our 
line, had not advanced over one hundred yards before the 
batteries on the heights on its left was re-manned, and 
poured a destructive fire into its ranks. General C. F. Jack- 
son attempted to out-flank the battery on the right, and suc- 
ceeded so far that some of the regiments advanced across 
the railroad, and ascended the heights in their front; but 
here the gallant Jackson fell, and so severe a fire, both of 
artillery and infantry, was opened upon them, that they were 
compelled to withdraw. 

When General Gibbons, whose division lay on our right, 
saw us advance, he sent forward his First Brigade. Seeing 
they faltered, he ordered up the Second Brigade, but such 
was the severity of the fire they were subject to, he could 
not get them to charge. He then formed the Third Brigade 
in column on the right of his line, and they advanced as far 
as the railroad, the enemy's outer line, at the base of the 
heights, but not until we had been driven back there, when 
we all retired together. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 211 

General Meade stated, prior to the assault, that he could 
take the heights, but could not hold them without support. 
He sent three different times to General Birney, whose divi- 
sion had replaced the Reserves at the battery from whence 
we advanced, twice requesting him, and the third time 
ordering him, to advance to his support. To the requests 
he answered, he was under the command of General Rey- 
nolds, and could not move without his orders. When he 
received the order, he sent a brigade, under General Ward, 
who arrived just as we had retired from the woods. 

Franklin's left grand division was composed of Reynolds' 
and W. F. Smith's corps and Bayard's cavalry, and num- 
bered 40,000 men in all. With these, he had twenty-three 
field batteries of one hundred and sixteen guns, and sixty- 
one guns on the north bank of the river. On the night of 
the I2th, he was re-enforced by two divisions of Hooker's 
center grand division, Kearny's and Hooker's own, under 
General Stonemau, which raised his force to 55,000 men, or 
over one-half our entire army. At seven A.M., on the 13th, 
he received his order for the attack,* and although not as 
clear, precise and positive as language will allow, was cer- 
tainly clear enough for him to have supported the attack. 
With all the force at his disposal, he picked out the weakest 
division to make the attack, and supported it with only 5,000 
men, who rendered very indifferent aid. 

* " General Hardie will carry this dispatch to you and remain with you during the 
day. The General commanding directs that you keep your whole command in posi- 
tion for a rapid movement down the old Richmond road, and you will send out at once 
a division, at least, to pass below Smithfield, to seize, if possible, the heights near 
Captain Hamilton's, on this side of the Massaponax, taking care to keep it well sup- 
ported and its line of retreat open. He has ordered another column, of a division or 
more, to be moved from General Sumner's command up the plank road to its inter 
s ection of the telegraph road, where they will divide, with a view of seizing the heights 
on both of these roads. Holding these heights, with the heights near Captain Ham- 
ilton's, will, I hope, compel the enemy to evacuate the whole ridge between these 
points. He makes these moves by columns, distant from each other, with a view of 
avoiding the possibility of a collision of our own forces, which might occur in a gen- 
eral movement during the fog. Two of General Hooker's divisions are in your rear 
at the bridges, and will remain there as supports. Copies of instructions to Generals 
Sumner and Hooker will be forwarded to you by an Orderly very soon. You will keep 
your whole command in readiness to move at once, as soon as tho fog lifts. The 
watch-word, which, if possible, should be given to every company, will be 'Scott.'" 



212 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

General Franklin, in his testimony before "the Commit- 
tee on the Conduct of the War," states: "I never dreamed 
that this was considered as a strong attack at all until since 
the battle took place. At that time I had no idea that it 
was the main attack, but supposed it was an armed observa- 
tion to ascertain where the enemy was. That night. Gen- 
eral Burnside sent for me, and I supposed his object in send- 
ing for me was to tell me what kind of attack was to come 
oft" the next day." What General Franklin's idea of a bat- 
tle was, we do not exactly know, but, at the time, it struck 
us very forcibly that this partook somewhat of the nature 
of one. 

General Meade, in his official report, says: "While I 
deeply regret the inability of the division, after having suc- 
cessfully penetrated the enemy's line, to remain and hold 
what had been secured, at the same time I deem their with- 
drawal a matter of necessity. With one brigade commander 
killed, another wounded, nearly half their number hors du 
combat, with regiments separated from brigades, and com- 
panies from regiments, and all the confusion and disaster 
incidental to the advance of an extended line through woods 
and other obstructions, assailed by a heavy fire, not only of 
infantry but of artillery, not only in front but on both flanks, 
the best troops would be justified in withdrawing without 
loss of honor." 

In his testimony before "the Committee on the Conduct 
of the War," he says: "If we had been supported, there is 
every reason to believe we would have held the ground. 
The effect of this would have been to have produced the 
evacuation of the other line of the enemy's works in rear of 
Fredericksburg." 

General Lee, in his official report, says: "About one 
P.M., the attack on the right began by a furious cannonade, 
under cover of which three compact lines of infantry 
advanced against Hill's front. They were received as before 
by our batteries, by whose fire they were momentarily 



THE THIRD RE8EBVE. 213 

checked, but soon recovering, they pressed forward until, 
coming within range of our infantry, the contest became 
fierce and bloody. Archer and Lane repulsed those por- 
tions of the line immediately in their front, but before the 
interval between these commands could be closed, the enemy 
pressed through in overwhelming numbers and turned the 
left of Archer and the right of Lane. Attacked in front 
and flank, two regiments of the former and the brigade of 
the latter, after a brave and obstinate resistance, gave way. 
Archer held his line with the First Tennessee and the Fifth 
Alabama Battalion, assisted by the Forty-second Virginia 
Regiment and the Twenty-second Virginia Battalion, until 
the arrival of re-enforcements. Thomas came gallantly to 
the relief of Lane, and, joined by the Seventh and part of 
the Eighteenth North Carolina Regiments of that brigade, 
repulsed the column that had broken Lane, and drove it 
back to the railroad. In the meantime a large force had pene- 
trated the wood as far as HUVs reserve, and encountered Gregg^s 
brigade. The attack was so sudden and unexpected that 
Orr's rifles, mistaking the enemy for our own troops retiring, 
were thrown into confusion." 

In "Burnside, and the Ninth Army Corps," page 220, we 
find: "By twelve o'clock, most of the dispositions on our 
side were made, and General Meade began to advance with 
earnestness and vigor. His division consisted of three bri- 
gades, of which the Third was on the left, the First on the 
right, closely followed by the Second. General Gibbon's 
division was ordered to hold itself ready as a support. The 
troops went forward with great spirit and resolution. In 
handsome style they charged up the road, regardless of a 
hot fire from the enemy, crossed the railroad, ascended the 
heights beyond, broke through the enemy's first line, pene- 
trated very nearly the enemy's second line, under General 
Taliaferro, and gained a position near Captain Hamilton's 
house, capturing and sending back three hundred prisoners 
and more. Nothing could be better than this gallant charge. 



214 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

It was made in the midst of a destructive fire of musketry 
in front, and a severe enfilading fire of artillery, and for a 
time carried everything before it. Finding an interval in 
the enemy's line, between the brigades of Archer and Lane, 
General Meade took advantage of it, and wedged his advance 
in, turning the flanks of both brigades and throwing them 
into confusion. He next struck Gregg's brigade and broke 
it to pieces, with the loss of its commanding officer. Gen- 
eral A. P. Hill's line was then pierced, and General Meade's 
next duty was to break the line of General Taliaferro. But 
this was not so easy. For an hour and a half had the gal- 
lant little division pushed forward in its successful career. 
But it was now bearing the brunt of a contest with the 
entire corps of General Jackson, which had been ordered to 
meet the audacious attack, and it could not maintain itself 
without continued support. * * * General Meade had 
come within a hair's breadth of achieving a great success. 
His attack had been so vigorous as to be almost a surprise. 
His troops had come upon the enemy, in some cases, before 
he had time to take the muskets from the stacks." 

When the Second Brigade reached the railroad, the Fourth 
Regiment faced to the right, the Third and Eighth pushed 
up the heights, and the Seventh Regiment obliqued to the left, 
within a hundred yards of a rifle-pit, and opened fire. The 
Second Regiment, in charging, struck our right of the pit, 
and a portion of it half wheeling to the left, gained the rear, 
and opened a deadly fire upon its occupants, by which they 
were slaughtered like sheep. Many attempted to escape by 
running the gauntlet, they becoming perfectly wild and 
blind with the fire, and heeded not the call to halt. With 
their arms up to shield their heads, they staggered to and 
fro up the hill within a few yards of our line, meeting cer- 
tain death. While our men were frightfully slaughtering 
them, the largest body of the enemy were lying in the pit 
making no reply, but we were receiving the heavy fire of the 
Seventh in front of the pit; and our men, in the excitement 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 215 

of the battle, could not see the position of affairs, supposing 
the fire came from the enemy. It was, therefore, almost 
impossible to stop the fire of our men. At length an officer 
of the Second, sheathing his sword, with cap in hand, 
advanced between the two lines, and asked the insurgents 
if they " wished to fight or surrender." " We will sur- 
render if you will allow us," was the reply. The officer 
not wishing to send any of our men to the rear with them, 
and to prevent treachery, took several of them with him, 
and, advancing in front of the pit, succeeded in stopping 
the fire of the Seventh, upon which he got out the rest, 
numbering over three hundred, and sent them to the 
Seventh. No sooner had he got clear of the prisoners than 
he received thirteen bullet holes through his clothes, from a 
party who had concealed themselves, two of whom were 
captured and shot down. The rifle-pit was choked with the 
dead and wounded, and the rear of it was literally covered 
with them, the Second killing, wounding and capturing 
near three times their own number. They were the Nine- 
teenth Georgia Infantry. The Seventh received the credit 
of taking the rifle-pit and the prisoners, and capturing the 
standard, although it was wrenched from the hands of its 
bearer by an officer of the Second.* The flag was given to 
Charles Upjohn, who, being afterwards wounded, gave it to 
a corporal of the Seventh, who received a medal from the 
War Department. 

The conflict with the Eeserves was the only fighting done 
by Jackson's troops during the day, except the brief strug- 

* General Meade, in his oflBeial report, gives the Seventh the credit of this affair. 
He based his report upon those of the brigade comraaaders, who were dependent on 
the regimental comnoanders, who, in turn, made up their reports from those of the 
company commanders. The General could not intentionally wrong a regiment or 
man of his command. The author, that justice might be done to hi.s regiment, in 
Prof. Bates' State History of the Pennsylvania Volunteer.s, addressed a letter to the 
General upon the subject. He replied that he believed the statement, substantially the 
same as the above, to be correct, and expressed his sincere regret that he was misin- 
formed at the time. In justice to the Seventh, it should be stated they probably were 
not aware the Second had taken the pit or the prisoners, as the Second, upon the sur- 
render, immediately pushed up the heights. 



216 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

gle with Gibbons, whose loss was heaviest before delivering 
fire. Jackson officially gives his total loss at 3,415, almost 
as many as the Reserves took into the action. Our loss was 
1,842, or nearly one-half our men. 

While these operations were transpiring on the extreme 
left, the center was quiet, and the right hotly engaged. The 
enemy's works immediately in the rear of Fredericksburg 
consisted of three tiers, the first an embankment four feet 
high, faced with stone, against which our artillery made no 
impression. Braver men never lived than those who 
stormed Marye's Heights that day, but all their valor 
availed naught. With the lifting fog Couch's division 
moved from the city and pressed up the heights, pierced 
and plowed through by the enemy's batteries, and when 
they reached the wall the insurgent infantry rose and 
mowed them down like grass. It was followed by French's 
and Hancock's* corps, who dashed themselves against those 
impregnable heights; and when the remnant of one brigade 
or division fell back, it was succeeded by others, each in its 
turn to be exposed to the useless slaughter. At two P.M., 
General Hooker was ordered to the assault, and after trying 
to dissuade Burnside from making it, he brought all his bat- 
teries to play upon one point, to breach the wall. He con- 
tinued the fire until sunset, without producing any apparent 
efi^ect. Humphrey's f division was now formed in column 
of assault, and with empty muskets they dashed up the 
heights. The head of the column arrived within fifteen or 
twenty yards of the wall, when Barksdale's Brigade poured 
into their faces the deadliest of volleys, and they were 
hurled back as quickly as they advanced, leaving 1,760 out 
of 4,000 upon the hill-side, now slippery with gore. The 
whole movement did not occupy fifteen minutes, and it is 
doubtful if they killed a man. 

*In this charge Colonel Dennis Heenan, Lieutenant-Colonel A. St. Clair Mulhol 
land, and Major George H. Bardwell, One Hundred and Sixteenth Pennsylvania Vol- 
unteers, were severely wounded. 

tMajor-General Andrew A. Humphrey, Pa. Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 217 

In addition to the musket fire the men were exposed to, 
the crests of the surrounding hills formed almost a semi- 
circle, and these were filled with artillery, and the focus was 
the assaulting column, and it was within good canister range. 
Against this impregnable point Burnside insisted upon 
hurling his columns, in useless slaughter, all day long, and 
at the sacrifice of 10,000 brave and true men. As if by 
some strange infatuation, his whole energy and aim appeared 
to be centered here, when victory was within his grasp on 
the left. 

Thus terminated the fatal day of Fredericksburg. The 
loss in the Third was heavy,* and among the killed was 
Lieutenant Jacob V. Shillings, a brave and promising 
officer; and among the wounded was Captain William 
Brian, a most valuable officer, whose leg was amputated 
while in the hands of the enemy ; and Lieutenant Michael 
Walters, who lost a foot. Our loss that day was 1,152 
killed, 9,101 wounded, and 3,234 missing, making a total of 
13,487. It may possibly have reached, but certainly did 
not exceed, 15,000. To show the reliance that can be placed 
in the insurgent statements, it is only necessary to say that 
Lee reported his loss at the preposterous low number of 
1,800 killed and wounded. His actual loss, as embodied in 
the detailed reports of Jackson and Longstreet, was over 
5,000,t and probably reached 7,000.| 

Our division remained behind the batteries until near 
sunset, when we marched to the ground occupied the night 
before, where we slept on our arms. Late in the afternoon, 

*Soe Appendix A. 

Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. 

t Jackson's right wing 344 2,.5-15 526 3,415 

Longstreet's left wing 251 l,5ir, 127 1,894 

Total 595 4,0til 653 5,309 

^General Lne, on the 2lst of December, thus congratulates his army: "The 
immense army of the enemy completed its preparations for the attack without inter- 
ruption, and gave battle in its own time, and on ground of its own selection. It was 
encountered by less than twentxj thousand of this brave army; aad its columns, crushed 
and broken, hurled back at every point, with such fearful slaughter that escape from 
entire destruction became the boast of those who had advanced in full confidence of 
victory." 



218 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

the enemy showed some indications of attacking us, but 
they were soon abandoned.* 

Early in this battle Colonel Sinclair, commanding the 
First Brigade, was severely wounded, and the command 
devolved upon Colonel M'Candless. Colonel Sickel's coat 
was perforated by three bullets, and his field-glass -shattered. 
Iq our retreat an officer saw a quail, so terrified by fright 
that he knocked it over with his sword. 

Incredible as it may appear, after all the useless and hor- 
rible carnage, the next morning General Burnside formed a 
column of attack, to again make the insane attempt to storm 
Marye's Hill. It was only through the forcible remonstrance 
of Sumner that he was induced to abandon the idea, and he 
actually felt himself bound to excuse himself before the 
Committee on the Conduct of the War, for not making it. 

During the day there was considerable artillery and 
infantry skirmishing, and we were several times called into 
line to meet the enemy. It being Sunday, about two o'clock 
the excellent and beloved Chaplain of the Third, the Eev. 
Mr. Pomeroy, determined to hold religious worship. Sur- 
rounded by a few friends, with uncovered heads they raised 
their voices in a sweet hymn as they advanced in front of 
the line to a clear space. Soon around them was collected 
a large concourse of attentive listeners. He spoke of the 
justness and righteousness of the cause we were engaged in, 

* Jackson, in his official report, with great candor says : " Repulsed on the right 
and left, the enemy soon after re-formed his lines, and gave some indications of a pur- 
pose to renew the attack. I waited some time to receive it; but he making no forward 
movement, I determined it prudent to do so myself. The artillery of the enemy was so 
judiciously posted as to make an advance of our troops across the plain very hazardous, 
yet it was so promising of good results, if successfully executed, as to induce me to 
make preparations for the attempt. In order to guard against disaster, the infantry was 
to be preceded by artillery, and the movement postponed until late in the evening ; so 
that if compelled to retire, it would be under the cover of night. Owing to unexpected 
delay, the movement could not be got ready till late in the evening. The first gun had 
hardly moved forward from the woods a hundred yards, when the enemy's artillery 
re-opened, and so completely swept our front as to satisfy me that the proposed move- 
ment should be abandoned." From this, probably, arose Pollard's ridiculous story 
of Jackson's advising a night attack with his men stripped naked and armed with 
bowie-knives. Where would they have got the knives from ? 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 219 

of the duty of all citizens to defend their country, as the 
child defends its mother, of courage in battle, of mercy to 
the wounded, of fortitude in suffering, of love and kindness 
to comrades. But he exhorted them, above all precious 
gifts and treasures, to seek the blood of Jesus for salvation. 
When he spoke of our fallen comrades, of the gloom it 
would cast over the cottage homes of Pennsylvania, he 
moved all hearts to sadness, and when he raised his eyes to 
heaven in humble prayer, heeding not the exploding shells 
of the foe, we thought what entire confidence that pure man 
placed in the protection of our God. While thus engaged 
in worship, the call to arms was sounded. The men took 
their place, and the beloved Chaplain walked down the line 
with cheerful words and looks for all, appearing like a 
pleasant gentleman with his friends. 

Sunday, with its alarms, wore away, and Monday morn- 
ing came, the two armies confronting each other. During 
the day a flag of truce was agreed upon, to bring off the 
wounded and bury the dead. A detail of twenty-five men 
was made from each regiment for the purpose. We found 
our dead stripped, and even the wounded were robbed of 
their clothes. What the poor fellows' sufferings were, dur- 
ing those December nights, God only knows ! But few were 
left aUve. The insurgents, ashamed of their cruelty, sought 
to excuse themselves by stating it was the reiterated order 
of their officers. The lines were established near the base 
of the heights, and the enemy brought our men to us. The 
wounded were sent to the rear, and the dead properly buried. 
Among the latter was young Lieutenant Dehou, an Aid-de- 
Camp to General Meade, who fell while carrying an order 
to General Jackson. As he lay upon the ground, his marble- 
like form looked like a fine piece of sculpture, and the rich, 
golden curls clustered around his forehead and partly con- 
cealed his handsome features. He was a brave and gallant 
youth, and noted for his manly virtues. 



220 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

That night, the 15th, we got under arms soon after dark, 
and leaving our camp-fires brightly burning, moved slowly 
and noiselessly towards the river, which we crossed on muf- 
fled pontoons, and moved back about a mile. The crossing 
on the right was soon after commenced, and by morning the 
whole army was over, without the loss of a man or gun. 

After this disaster, it was useless to continue General 
Burnside in command of the army. But, though he sadly 
erred in judgment, his subsequent conduct and bearing 
showed him possessed of noble qualities. Although he felt 
that Franklin had not done his duty, he excused others and 
took the blame on himself. Thus he wrote to General Hal- 
leck: "The fact that I decided to move from Warrenton 
on to this line rather against the opinion of the President, 
Secretary of War, and yourself, and that you have left the 
whole movement in my hands, without giving me orders, 
makes me the more responsible."* The chief cause of the 
failure was the delay of over three weeks in the arrival of 
the pontoons after Sumner reached Falmouth, enabling the 
enemy to concentrate his forces there, and resist our seizure 
of the heights. 

* Official Report, December 19th. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 221 



CHAPTER XV. 

March to White Oak Church — Winter Quarters — General Meade 
Promoted — Sickel Succeeds Him — Burnside's Mud Expedition 
— Hooker Supersedes Burnside — Bell Plain — Alexandria — 
Sickel in Command of the Defences — The First and Third Bri- 
gades to Gettysburg — Details — Captain Fisher's Escape from 
LiBBY — Twenty one Patriots — New Flags — Resignations and 
Promotions. 

WE REMAINED in our position until the 18th, when we 
marched about five miles, and bivouacked in an open 
field. The next morning we moved a mile, and formed an 
encampment in a thick pine forest on a hill-side, near White 
Oak Church. That night the Third went on picket; and 
the thermometer indicating seven above zero, they sufilered 
much. Here we made preparations to go into winter quar- 
ters. Some of the men dug pits, about two feet deep, which 
the}^ logged up above ground, and stretched their shelter 
tents over. Comfortable fire-places and chimneys were 
built, and, with abundance of dry leaves to sleep upon, they 
got along quite comfortably. Two or four generally bunked 
together; and by splicing blankets, and lying spoon-fashion, 
slept quite warm. 

General Meade having been assigned to the command of 
the Fifth Army Corps, he issued the following farewell to 
our division : 

" Headquarters Third Division, \ 

December 25th, 1862. j 
''''General Order No. 101. 

"In announcing the above order, which separates the 
commanding general from the division, he takes occasion to 
express to the oflicers and men that, notwithstanding his 
just pride at being promoted to a higher command, he 
experiences a deep feeling of regret at parting from them 



222 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

with whom he has so long associated, and to whose services 
he here acknowledges his indebtedness for whatever of 
reputation he may have acquired. 

" The commanding general will never cease to remember 
that he belonged to the Reserve Corps ; he will watch with 
eagerness for the deeds of fame which he feels sure they 
will enact under the command of his successors, and though 
sadly reduced in numbers from the casualties of battle, yet 
he knows the Reserves will always be ready and prompt to 
uphold the honor and glory of their State. 

" By command of Major-General Meade. 

" (Signed) Edward C. Baird, A. A. G." 

The command of the Reserves devolved upon Colonel 
Sickel, in whom General Meade had always shown great con- 
fidence. The Colonel retained Captain Baird as Assistant 
Adjutant-General, and appointed Adjutant Harry S. Jones, 
Aid-de-Camp. Captain Jacob Lenhart assumed command 
of the regiment, and Lieutenant George M. Rohne was 
appointed Acting Adjutant. While we lay here, we expe- 
rienced constant heavy rain and snow storms, that turned 
our encampment into a vast mud-puddle, and rendered the 
roads almost impassable. Almost daily, details were made 
from the regiments to corduroy the roads; and we passed 
our time about as disagreeably as possible. 

General Burnside was not disposed to give up the cam- 
paign yet, and, on the 26th, ordered three days' cooked 
rations and sixty rounds of cartridges to be issued to each 
man, and the army held in readiness to move at a moment's 
notice. The intention was to make a feint above Fredericks- 
burg, and cross some six miles below; while General Pleas- 
anton, with 2,500 cavalry and a battery of horse artillery, 
was to cross at Kelly's Ford, and to raid across the Virginia 
Central, the Lynchburg and Weldon railroads, blow up the 
locks of the James River canal, and to report to General 
Peck, at Suffolk, from whence they were to be transferred 
back to Acquia Creek by steamboats. Several other minor 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 223 

expeditions were to be sent out, to distract the enemy's 
attention. On the 30th, orders were issued for the army to 
move, but the President arrested it by telegram, as clandes- 
tine representations had been made to him by officers, that, 
in the existing temper of the army, it would inevitably end 
in disaster. 

Orders to hold ourselves in readiness to move were, how- 
ever, repeatedly renewed up to January 20th, 1863, when, at 
noon, we broke camp, and marched up the river ten miles, 
where we halted at dark, and bivouacked in a thick scrub- 
oak woods. About four o'clock it commenced raining, and 
continued without intermission all night, and by the next 
morning the roads and fields were impassable. It was the 
most severe and trying storm ever experienced in that region 
by us. About daylight, however, we got under way, and 
marched about three miles, to Banks' Ford, where we halted. 
Here the army was brought to a stand, and literally stuck 
in the mud. The snow, the driving sleet, the pouring rain, 
and a general breaking up of the roads, hitherto hardly 
frozen, rendered locomotion impossible. The pontoon trains 
could not move. The supply trains were in the rear, unable 
to come up, and twenty-eight horses stalled with a gun. It 
was next to impossible to get our camp-fires lighted, and the 
cold rain descended in torrents all day. The enemy, who 
had been informed of our intended movement, and had seen 
Sumner's trains moving on the crest of the hills, were on 
the opposite side of the river, ready to receive us, and 
oiFered to send over a brigade to help lay our pontoons. 

We remained here hopelessly floundering in the mud until 
the morning of the 23d, when, seeing the utter impossibility of 
our undertaking, we were ordered to retrace our steps back 
to our old camp, which we reached late in the afternoon. 
Sickel sent out all the ambulances, and brought in twenty 
loads of prostrated men. During this movement, not a par- 
ticle of forage was furnished for the field and staflf horses. 



224 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

General Burnside having discovered, as he believed, the 
officers who had interfered with his plans by disheartening 
communications to Washington, prepared a general order 
dismissing Major-General Hooker and Brigadier-Generals 
W. T. H. Brooks and John Newton, and relieving from duty, 
with his command, Major-Generals W. B. Franklin and W. 
F. Smith, and Brigadier-Generals John Cochrane* and 
Edward Ferrero, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. Taylor. He, 
however, on the advice of a friend, submitted the order to 
the President, who decided, instead of approving the order, 
to relieve General Burnside. On the 28th of January, 1868, 
General Joseph Hooker assumed command of the army. 
General Sumner,t at his own request, was also relieved of his 
command. 

The Reserves, by this time, had become so much reduced 
by hard fighting, that earnest eftbrts were made by Gov- 
ernor Curtin, Generals Meade, Reynolds, and others, to 
secure their return to Pennsylvania, in a body, with a view 
to recruiting their ranks. This purpose was not efiected; 
but, about dark on the 5th of February, Colonel Sickel 
received a telegram from General Doubleday, who, for a 
short time, commanded the division, stating that in consider- 
ation of the arduous and gallant services of the Reserves, 
they were to be withdrawn to Washington, to rest and 
recruit. The news was sent to each regiment, and created 
the liveliest joy. In despite of the cold rain the camp-fires 
were soon brightly burning, around which the boys gathered 
and talked of the good times coming until late at night. 
The next morning, before reveille beat, all were up, and 
soon after breakfast everything was packed ready to move. 
About three that afternoon the order to march came. Fall- 
ing in, and bidding farewell to our old camp, and the gal- 
lant One Hundred and Twenty-first and One Hundred and 



* Brigadier-General John Cochrane. Resigned February 25th, 1863. 

t Brevet Major-General Edwin V. Sumner, U. S. A. (Bull Sumner). Died at Syra- 
cuse, N. Y., March 21st, 1803. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 225 

Forty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, who had been tem- 
porarily attached to our division before the last battle, we 
took up our march for Bell Plain. Although the distance 
was not four miles, on account of the bad roads we did not 
reach there until after dark, but the boys plunged through 
the mud with light hearts, for in every breast was the secret 
hope of seeing home for a little while. The First Brigade, 
Colonel M'Candless, embarked on transports during the 
night; the Second, Colonel Bolinger, and the Third, Colonel 
Fisher, embarked the next morning, and all arrived at Alex- 
andria the same day, where Colonel Sickel received orders 
to encamp the division at Upton's Hill. The Reserves were 
now in the defences of Washington, and attached to the 
Twenty-second Army Corps. The presence of Moseby's 
guerillas on the line of the railroad, and in front of Alex- 
andria, caused the First Brigade, under Colonel M'Candless, 
to be sent to the neighborhood of Fairfax Court House on 
the 12th; and soon after, the Second Brigade was moved to 
Alexandria, and Colonel Sickel placed in command of the 
defences of the city. The Twenty-third Maine, One Hun- 
dred and Fifty-third New York, and the First District 
Columbia Volunteers, were added to his command. Adju- 
tant Harry S. Jones was appointed Acting Assistant Adju- 
tant-General, until the return of Captain Baird, when he 
was appointed Aid-de-Camp. Lieutenant Eberhart, of the 
Eighth Reserves, was appointed Acting Assistant Commis- 
sary of Subsistence, and Private Isaac G. Buck, Company 
K, was detailed as Orderly. Captain Robert Johnston was 
detailed to the Provost Marshal's office. Lieutenants Edwin 
A. Glenn, George M. Rohne and Albert P. Moulton served 
as Acting Adjutants of the Third, at diiferent times, until 
the return of Adjutant Jones to the regiment. Lieutenant 
F. G. Nicholson was detailed an Aid-de-Camp to General 
Slough, Military Governor of Alexandria; and Private 
Joseph F. Hoover, Company B, as Orderly. 
15 



226 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

The duties of the men while here were not of the exciting 
and stirring nature of the field, but much more arduous. 
The Third was daily required to furnish a picket, grand, 
reservoir, headquarters and camp guard, of one hundred and 
twenty-five men, besides officers; and, every other day, two 
companies to lie behind the batteries. 

Soon after the battle of Chancellorsville took place, and 
Lee showed signs of moving into Pennsylvania, fears were 
entertained of an insurgent raid on Alexandria; and a new 
line of earthworks, closely skirting the city, was thrown up, 
double rows of stockades erected, and the camp of the 
Third moved to within a mile of it. Colonel Sickel estab- 
lished his headquarters at the Colross House. The signal 
of alarm by the pickets was four muskets fired in rapid suc- 
cession, to be repeated by the interior guards, upon which 
all the roads were to be obstructed with wagons, etc. The 
troops were under arms a number of times, but no enemy 
appeared. The Third was detailed, upon several occasions, 
as a guard to the railroad trains carrying forage to Hooker's 
army, they going as far as Warrenton Junction. 

When it was ascertained the enemy were moving north, 
strenuous efiTorts were made to have the Reserves attached 
to the Army of the Potomac, petitions to that effect being 
sent to the authorities at Washington and Harrisburg, and 
a number of officers detailed to urge the matter. Repre- 
sentation was made of the ardent anxiety of the officers and 
men to march to the defence of the state that sent them 
forth, and was the home of all they loved and held dear; 
but the authorities at Washington were loath to spare them 
from the defence of the Capital. In the meantime. Gen- 
erals Meade and Reynolds both had applied to the War 
Department to have us attached to their corps. Reynolds 
was offered, in lieu, a full division, which he declined. 
General Meade, however, succeeded in having the First Bri- 
gade, Colonel M'Candless, and the Third, Colonel Fisher, 
assigned to him, under the command of General S. W. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 227 

Crawford, but, the day they arrived, he assumed the com- 
mand of the army, he being its last and successful com- 
mander. 

This was a great disappointment to the Second Brigade, 
who, on the 25th of June, with envious hearts, bid farewell 
to the gallant Third, as it marched to the post of honor. 

Soon after, Captain Washington Richards, F; Lieuten- 
ants Albert Briner, D, and William M'Carty, H; Sergeants 
Lewis Griffith, A; Henry C. Tripp, B; and Charles W. 
Stout, E; Corporals S. C. Moorhead, I, and James Brooke, 
K; and Private Charles Y. Clark, C, were detailed to pro- 
ceed to Philadelphia after recruits. Soon after their return, 
Captain Richards, one of the most loved and respected offi- 
cers of the regiment, was transferred to the Veteran Reserve 
Corps, his failing health not permitting him to continue 
longer in the field. About the same time. Captains William 
Brian and George C. Davenport, and Lieutenant Michael 
Walters, all brave and efficient officers, were transferred to 
the same corps, they being incapacitated from serving in the 
field from wounds received in battle. 

Captain Benjamin F. Fisher, Company H, who was 
detailed on Signal duty with the Army of the Potomac, left 
the headquarters of the same, then near Fairfax Court 
House, on the 17th of June, to report to General Pleasan- 
ton, commanding the cavalry near Aldie. The General was 
directed to furnish him with an escort, to make a reconnais- 
sance to the Blue Ridge, to ascertain the location of Lee's 
forces, but while en-route for Aldie he was captured by a 
band of Moseby's men, and sent to Libby Prison. After 
being in this loathsome den for several months. Colonel 
Ross, of Pennsylvania, also a prisoner, organized a workino- 
party to dig themselves out. After many days of anxious 
labor, they completed a tunnel, some fifty feet long, from 
the cellar of the prison, under an open lot to the yard of an 
adjoining building. The work was completed on the 9th 
of February, and the prisoners emerged from the yard in 



228 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

squads of two and three, and thence made their escape from 
the insurgent Capital. The exodus was commenced about 
nine o'clock in the evening, and continued until three o'clock 
the next morning. 

Captain Fisher and a companion came out about ten 
o'clock, and proceeding northward, crossed the Chicka- 
hominy at Meadow Bridge, above Mechanicsville, and got 
several miles beyond the river before daylight. Through 
the day they concealed themselves in a heavy thicket, and 
at dark resumed their journey, and traveled all night, avoid- 
ing the roads, and again concealing themselves in the woods 
and thickets during the day. When near White House, a 
violent snow-storm set in, and compelled them to lie for two 
days and a night in a laurel thicket. Being surrounded now 
by insurgent scouts, who were searching every woods and 
swamp for them, their progress was slow and very cautious, 
lest they should be tracked; and, on the night of the 18th, 
they encountered a party of the enemy, who pursued and 
fired upon them. The captain's companion was captured, 
but he succeeded in making his escape; and, after twelve 
days and nights of exposure and privation, reached, in safety, 
Williamsburg, where he and others were rescued by the 
cavalry sent out by General Butler. The captain resumed 
his place on the staff of the army under General Meade, and 
was subsequently promoted Colonel, and Chief Signal 
Officer, U. S. A. 

While the Third lay here, twenty-one patriotic young 
men of Bucks county arrived in camp, to enlist in the regi- 
ment, they having paid their own expenses from home, and 
brought with them, as a present to the boys, a large supply 
of delicacies, sent by their good neighbors. 

On the 16th of December, Governor Curtin sent Colonel 
E. B. Roberts, of his staff, to present to each of the regi- 
ments of the brigade a new flag, the old ones being so torn 
and damaged by the enemy's balls that it was necessary to 
carry them with the covers on, except in battle. The pre- 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 229 

sentation took place in the afternoon, with appropriate cere- 
monies. The following resignations and promotions took 
place in the regiment while we lay here : 

Lieutenant Strickland Yardley, Eegimental Quarter- 
master, resigned, he having been promoted Captain and 
Assistant Quartermaster, United States Volunteers. 

Quartermaster-Sergeant Levi S. Boyer was promoted 
Lieutenant and Quartermaster. 

Assistant Surgeons Samuel L. Orr and George J. Rice, 
resigned. 

Doctors Stanton A. Welch, of Wayne county, and John 
P. Birchfield, of Centre county, were appointed Assistant 
Surgeons. 

Captain Hugh Harkins, Company G, and Lieutenant 
George M. Rohne, Company B, resigned. 

Second Lieutenant Amos W. Seitzinger, Company A, pro- 
moted First Lieutenant. 

First Sergeant Daniel Setley, Company A, promoted 
Second Lieutenant. 

First Sergeant Warren G. Moore, Company B, promoted 
Captain. 

Second Lieutenant Henry W. Sutton, Company C, pro- 
moted Captain. 

Sergeant Zeaman Jones, Company C, promoted Second 
Lieutenant. 

Second Lieutenant Albert Briner, Company D, promoted 
First Lieutenant. 

Sergeant George B. Davis, Company D, promoted Second 
Lieutenant. 

First Lieutenant Albert P. Moulton, Company F, pro- 
moted Captain. 

Second Lieutenant Henry S. Moulton, Company F, pro- 
moted First Lieutenant. 

Sergeant Benjamin D. Hemming, Company F, promoted 
Second Lieutenant. 



230 THE THIRD RESERVE, 

First Lieutenant John Stanton, Company G, promoted 
Captain. 

Second Lieutenant Francis E. Harrison, Company G, pro- 
moted First Lieutenant. 

First Lieutenant David Wonderly, Company K, promoted 
Captain. 

Second Lieutenant Thomas C. Spackman, Company K, 
promoted First Lieutenant. 

Sergeant John M. James, Company K, promoted Second 
Lieutenant. 

Lieutenant David W. Donaghy, Company K, was forced 
to resign on account of his declining health. 

Sergeant Aaron W. Buckman, Company C, discharged to 
receive promotion in the United States colored troops. 

Private Morgan Kupp, Company D, was discharged to 
receive the appointment of Lieutenant and Quartermaster 
of the One Hundred and Sixty-seventh Pennsylvania Vol- 
unteers. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. '231 



CHAPTER XVI. 

1863-64 — Mov^E to Martinsbukg — New Creek — After Rosser — 
Back to Martinsburg — After Gilmore — To Vanclevesville — 
Harpers Ferry — To Grafton — Webster — Fence Rails — Acci- 
dent TO Major Briner — Arrival of Sickel — To Parkersburg — 
Down the Ohio and Up the Kanawha — Brownstown. 

THE Second Brigade remained here in discharge of the 
various duties pertaining to the department, without 
anything of importance occuring until Januarj', 1864. On 
the 4th of that month, Colonel Sickel received orders to 
detach the Third, Major Briner, and the Fourth, Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel T. F. B. Tapper, the whole under command of 
Colonel Woolworth, of the Fourth, to West Virginia. Soon 
after midnight of the next day they left camp, marched into 
Washington, were loaded into box-cars, and proceeded by 
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad to Martinsburo-, where 
they arrived on the morning of the 7th. On their route the 
cars were pushed forward at their utmost speed. The 6th 
and 7th being the coldest days of the winter, the men suf- 
fered terribly from the sharp winter blasts as they were 
hauled through the gaps and ravines of this mountainous 
district. 

At Martinsburg they found General Averill's cavalry. 
His command had just returned from a raid upon Salem, an 
important point on the Virginia and Tennessee railroad, 
where they destroyed a great quantity of commissary stores 
which the enemy had collected. On their return they were 
pursued by a heavy force of insurgents. It was thought 
that the enemy designed pushing forward to the Baltimore 
and Ohio railroad, and hence the speedy forwarding of the 
Reserve regiments to the rescue. Such not proving to be 
the case, there was no active work for them, and, until the 



232 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

28th of January, they were engaged in picketing the roads 
in the vicinity. 

On that day the detachment took transportation on cars 
westward, and, after narrowly escaping being precipitated 
down a precipice by the cars running off the track, they 
halted at New Creek, a station in a wild, mountainous dis- 
trict, about one hundred miles west from Martinsburg. 
Here they reported to Colonel Mulligan,* the commander 
of the post. They encamped on a flat on the north branch 
of the Potomac. Soon after dark on the 31st, in the midst 
of a violent storm, they were ordered to report at the com- 
mander's headquarters, with two days' cooked rations. 
News had been received that the enemy, under General 
Rosser, who was sent over into West Virginia from the val- 
ley, by General Early, had captured a train of wagons mov- 
ing from New Creek to Petersburg, in Hardy county, a point 
some forty miles south, an extreme out-post, garrisoned by 
a small Union force. Under the command of Colonel Mul- 
ligan, the Third and Fourth, accompanied by several small 
squads of cavalry and infantry, commenced the night pur- 
suit. They were marched and counter-marched for six suc- 
cessive days and nights without shelter, over muddy and 
rocky roads, compelled to ford swollen mountain streams, 
scour the sides of mountains, penetrate gaps on either side 
of the narrow valley through which they marched, for the 
double purpose of finding the enemy and guarding against 
surprise. 

Within five miles of Moorefield, they formed a junction 
with Averill's cavalry, which had marched from Martins- 
burg, through Winchester and Romney. The enemy moved 
with rapidity, and succeeded in escaping with 270 prisoners, 
93 six-mule wagons, heavily laden,t and 1,200 cattle and 500 

* Colonel James A. Mulligan, who defended Lexington, Mo., in 18G1. Subsequently 
promoted a Brigadier-General, and killed near Martinsburg, Va., July 24th, 18G4. 
t Greeley's American Contlict, II Vol., p. .'ifiD. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 233 

sheep, stolen from the people of Hardy and Hampshire 
counties. Completely exhausted from constant marching, 
want of sleep and exposure, the command returned on the 
evening of Februrary 26th to their tents, left standing on the 
banks of the upper Potomac. 

On the 10th of February, the Third Reserve was sent 
east by railroad to Martinsburg, and the Fourth followed 
two or three days later. On the night of February 11th, a 
force of insurgent brigands, under the command of the 
" chivalrous " Harry Gilmore, of Baltimore, threw a pas- 
senger train ofl' the track eight miles east of Martinsburg, 
and robbed the male passengers of their watches, pocket- 
books and overcoats, and the ladies of their ear-rings, furs 
and shawls, etc. 

Early on the morning of the 12th, Colonel R. S. Rogers, 
who had command of the post, put the Third Reserve, 
Eighteenth Connecticut, One Hundred and Twenty-third 
Ohio and two batteries in motion towards Winchester. 
Several regiments of cavalry preceded the infantry and 
artillery. Winchester was reached in the afternoon, but 
the brigands had fled, after presenting to their lady friends 
a rich supply of ladies' outer clothing. On the following 
day Colonel Rogers returned to Martinsburg with his com- 
mand. 

On the 24th of February, the Third marched from Mar- 
tinsburg to Vanclevesville, five miles east of Martinsburg, 
on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad; and the Fourth to 
Kearneysville, nine miles east, on the same road. From 
these two points the regiments performed picket duty on 
the railroad, and one company of the Third garrisoned the 
Block House near the bridge, relieving a detachment of the 
One Hundred and Sixteenth Ohio Volunteers. On the 7th 
of March, Colonel Rogers was relieved of the command of 
the Third Brigade by Colonel Woolworth. It consisted at 
this time of the Third and Fourth Reserves, Eighteenth 



234 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Connecticut, Thirty-fourth Massachusetts, One Hundred 
and Twenty-third and One Hundred and Sixteenth Ohio, 
and Battery B, Fifth United States Artillery. Lieutenant 
George B. Davis, Company D, was appointed Assistant Aid- 
de-Carap to the Colonel. Privates Adam Schanck, Company 
G, and Roland G. Scarlet, Company D, were detailed as 
clerks; and Charles Boyer, Company D, as Orderly at Bri- 
gade Headquarters. Private John R. Yeich, Company A, 
was detailed as Clerk at Brigade Provost Marshal. 

On the 29th of March, the Third was moved by rail to 
Harpers Ferry, whither the Fourth had preceded it two days. 
The detachment performed picket duty while here, from 
the Potomac to the Shenandoah rivers, the line forming one 
side of a triangle. All baggage that could possibly be dis- 
pensed with was here stored. Each man was ordered to 
have a blanket, an overcoat and an extra pair of shoes, two 
hundred rounds of ammunition, and five days' short rations 
in his haversack. Thus deprived of many camp comforts, 
and having received additional burdens, the Reserves were, 
on the 3d of April, again sent westward, across the Alle- 
ghenies to Grafton, two hundred miles from Harpers Ferry ; 
and thence, five miles on the South Branch road leading to 
Parkersburg, to Webster. Several loyal Virginia regiments 
had preceded the Reserves to this point, and two batteries 
followed. Averill's cavalry went into camp several miles 
further north. Wagons, ambulances and pontoon bridges 
were collected at Webster. The design of the expedition, 
which was to start from this point, was to advance upon the 
Virginia and Tennessee railroad, by marching through Bar- 
bour and Randolph counties, and thence directly south 
through the mountainous district, striking it near the line 
of Botetourt and Roanoke counties. The continuous rains, 
however, made the roads impassable ; in addition to this, the 
enemy, having some knowledge of the design and route, 
had dug down the mountain road in several narrow passes, 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 235 

and felled trees over other portions. It was therefore con- 
cluded to abandon the enterprise. 

While here an order was issued by General E. O. C. Ord * 
("Old Alphabet"), forbidding the burning of fence-rails. 
The bors, who declared they had lived upon fence-rails for 
two years, and that the integrity of the Constitution and 
the perpetuation of the Union depended upon fence-rails, 
looked upon this order as striking an insidious blow at the 
cause they fought for. However, as there was plenty of fine 
standing timber near by, and many of them were expert 
axmen, they strove to avert the impending calamity by get- 
ting up chopping matches; at which the monarchs of the 
forests were hewed down in an incredible short time. These 
trunks, split up, made excellent fire-wood, but soon an order 
was issued forbidding the cutting of more trees until the 
tops were burnt up. The boys, misunderstanding the spirit 
of this order, as they sometimes were apt to, immediately 
set fire to the tops, and they were soon burnt up. Then 
another order came, threatening to cut off the supply of fire- 
wood entirely. This put a grave aspect upon the matter, 
and seemed to confirm their fearful suspicion. A commit- 
tee was at once appointed, composed of an equal number of 



*General Ord was a native of Cumberland, Md., where ho was born in 1818, and 
graduated at West Point in 1839. He served in the Seminole War in 1839-42 and was 
in the coast survey in 1845-46. Previous to the outbreak of the Rebellion he was en- 
gaged for several years in service in California and the Territories. On September 
14th, 1861, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and commanded a brigade in 
the Pennsylvania Reserves under General M'Call. He was promoted to a major-gen 
eralship in May, 1862, aad was pla>;ed in command of Corinth, and afterwards of the 
Second Division of the District of Western Tennesee. At the siege of Vicksburg h e 
commanded the Thirteenth Corps, and in the operations before Richmond, from July 
21st to September 30th, 1864, the Eighteenth Corps. From January to June he was in 
command of the Department of Virginia, and took part in the siege of Petersburg 
and the capture of Lee. General Ord was twice wounded at the battle of Hatchie, Oc- 
tober 5th, 1862,and in the capture of Fort Harrison. Since the close of the war General 
Ord has commanded the Departments of California, the Platte and Texas, and in 1866 
was made brigadier-general in the regular army. In January, 1881, he was placed on 
the retired list, and since then has lived most of the time with his son-in-law, General 
Trevino, formerly the Mexican minister of war. While on his way home from Vera 
Cruz he was taken with yellow fever, and upon arriving at Havana, was removed to 
the shore, where he died, July 22d, 1883. 



236 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

acting assistant corporals and brevet cooks, to investigate 
the loyalty or sanity of the General, but, before submitting 
their elaborate report, a ration of whiskey was issued to the 
men, which seemed to throw new light upon the subject, 
and the General was at once pronounced "sane," and all 
difficulties were amicably settled. 

While here, the headquarters tent took fire, and Major 
William Briner so severely injured his right hand in extin- 
guishing it, that he was sent to the hospital in Grafton. He 
parted from the regiment with much regret, and was suc- 
ceeded in the command by Captain Jacob Lenhart. 

General Grant's comprehensive plan of campaign against 
Richmond embraced a cooperative movement up the Shen- 
andoah, under General Slgel, aiming at the insurgent 
resources in the vicinity of Staunton and Lynchburg; and, 
up the Kanawha, by General George Crook, aiming at Dub- 
lin and the lead mines near Wytheville, on the Virginia and 
Tennessee railroad, cutting the main artery which furnished 
supplies to Lee's army. Colonel Sickel, who had remained 
in command of the defences of Alexandria, was ordered, on 
the 8th of April, by General Grant, to forward the Seventh 
and the Eighth Reserves to the Army of the Potomac, for 
service with the balance of the division under General 
Crawford, and to report in person for duty to General Crook. 
The force that had been collected about Webster was 
divided, and sent east and west. Several Virginia regiments 
were transported to Martinsburg, to join the command of 
General Sigel. 

On the morning of the 22d of April, Colonel Sickel and 
staff arrived in camp, he receiving a hearty welcome from 
the officers and men. The next day he moved, with his 
command, by rail, westward to Parkersburg, at the conflu- 
ence of the Ohio and Little Kanawha rivers. Here they 
were transferred to steamboats, and went down the Ohio to 
the mouth of the Great Kanawha, thence up that river to 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 237 

Brownstown, ten miles above Charlestown.* This was the 
only instance during their term of service that the regi- 
ments of the Reserve Corps were permanently separated. 
Heretofore, through all their campaigns and battles, they 
had marched and fought side by side, and although Sickel 
was given an important command, it was with regret he 
separated from the grand old division. 

* General Wise, in 1861, raised at this place, by conscription, a brigade of 2,500 
infantry, 70n cavalry, and three batteries of artillery. — The Lost Cause, page HW. 

Early in February, General E. P. Seammon, commanding at Charlestown, was sur- 
prised and captured, with the steamboat "Levi," on the Kanawha, by Lieutenant Ver- 
digan, of Colonel Ferguson's insurgent guerrillas. Verdigan, with ten men, captured 
the General, four other officers, aud twenty-five privates, besides the steamboat and 
her crew; throwing overboard the captured arms as fast as he could seize them, so as 
to preclude the danger of a rescue. Seammon and his two aids were sent prisoners 
to Richmond; the residue paroled. 



238 THE THIRD RESERVE. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

1864 — General Crook's Expedition — Its Strength — Siceel Com- 
mands THE Third Brigade — His Staff — The March — Ex-Pres- 
ident Hayes — Great Falls — Cotton Mountain — Fayette Court 
House — Averill Detached — Wild and Rugged Country — The 
Mountaineers — Raleigh Court House — Rosecrans' Train — The 
Mountains Fired — Skirmish at Princeton Court House — Insur- 
gents' Works — Skirmish — Woolf Creek — Skirmish — Captain 
Harmer Killed — Very Thoughtful — Shannon's Bridge — Bat- 
tle of Cloyd Mountain — Posting the Troops — Position of the 
Enemy — Climbing the Mountain — Woolworth Killed and Len- 
HART Wounded — Sickel Lays Low and Flanks — Swinging from 
Bush to Bush — Storming the Works — Victory — On to Dublin 

— The Wounded and Trophies — The Losses — Telegraphing to 
the Insurgents — Breokenridge Deceived — Destruction of De- 
pots — Tearing up the Railroad — Battle of New River Bridge 

— Defeat of M'Causland — Destruction of the Bridge. 

GiENERAL CROOK had command of the troops coucen- 
^ trating in the Kanawha Valley. The expedition, includ- 
ing those joining at Fayette Court House, consisted of twelve 
regiments of infantry, three batteries, two thousand cavalry 
under General Averill, a train of one hundred and fifty 
wagons, and fifty ambulances. He spent but four days in 
organizing his fragmentary commands, reducing baggage, 
sending off the sick, and getting in order his supply and 
ammunition train. Immediately after landing at Browns- 
town, on the 26th of April, General Crook placed Colonel 
Sickel in command of the Third Brigade, composed of the 
Third Reserves, Captain Jacob Lenhart; the Fourth Re- 
serves, Colonel R. H. Woolworth; the Eleventh West Vir- 
ginia, Colonel Daniel Frost; and the Fifteenth West Vir- 
ginia, Colonel M. M'Caslin. On assuming command, the 
Colonel announced the following named oflicers as compos- 
ing his staff: 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 239 

First Lieutenant Harry S. Jones, Third Reserves, Assist- 
ant Adjutant-General. 

First Lieutenant C W. Kirby, Eleventh West Virginia, 
Inspector-General. 

First Lieutenant Theodore P. Mills, Fourth Reserves, 
Ordnance Officer. 

First Lieutenant E. F. Brothers, Fourth Reserves, Assist- 
ant Quartermaster. 

First Lieutenant L. S. Boyer, Third Reserves, Commis- 
sary of Subsistence. 

First Lieutenant J. H. M'Laughlin, Eleventh West Vir- 
ginia, Aid-de-Camp. 

Surgeon William H. Davis, Fourth Reserves, Medical 
Director. 

At the same time, Privates William Clark, Thomas Syn- 
namon and Isaac G. Buck were detailed as orderlies at head- 
quarters, and Samuel L. Harrison, Clark Bishop and Henry 
Barr were detailed to the brigade commissary. 

On Saturday morning, April 30th, at five o'clock. Crook's 
command* started from Camp Piatt,t opposite Brownstown, 
and marched up the narrow Kanawha Valley. Fording Cat- 
cham, Cabin, and other swollen tributaries of the Kanawha, 
after a fatiguing march of fourteen miles they bivouacked on 
the banks of Paint creek. The nextmorningthey started early, 
moving up the road to the Great Falls, near the confluence 
of Gauley and New rivers (forming the Kanawha), where 
they arrived about four o'clock in the afternoon. On the 

* Ex- President Rutherford B. Hayes, a lawyer of Cincinnati, entered the army as 
Major of tlie Twenty-Third Ohio Volunteers, which regiment was commanded by Col- 
onel W. S. Rosecrans, subsequently a distinguished general of the war. The regiment 
entered West Virginia in July, 1801, participated in the many campaigns and expeditions 
in that rugged country, in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, and returned to 
West Virginia in October, 1802. Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes, who was severly wounded 
at South Mountain, and had refused the commission of Colonel of the Seventy-ninth 
Ohio Volunteers, was promoted Colonel of his own regiment, the Twenty-third Ohio, 
and detached to command the brigade. His command formed part of this expedition. 
Subsequently, with Crook's division, he joined Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, 
and was promoted a brigadier-general and brevet major-general, for his conduct in 
the brilliant victories that attended that remarkable campaign. 

t Named in honor of Brigadier-General Abraham S.Piatt. 



240 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

raorning of the 2d of May, they faced to the south and 
crossed the Cotton Mountain. The morning was bright, 
beautiful and quite warm, and many of the men, as they 
toiled up the steep, rough waj', became exhausted, and 
threw awa}' their overcoats and blankets. At noon dark 
clouds arose, succeeded by a cold, chilly rain, and by the 
time they reached the folorn village of Fayette Court House 
they were greeted with a driving snow-storm. The men, 
divested of overcoats and blankets, wet to the skin, and 
shivering with the cold, presented a pitiable sight. Fayette 
Court House was the extreme out-post held by the TTnion 
forces. The brigade of infantry and battery on duty here 
were added to General Crook's command. Here General 
Crook detached General Averill, with his 2,000 cavalry, from 
the main column, and sent him by way of Logan Court House 
to strike the salt works at Saltville, to which point there was 
a branch railroad from the Virginia and Tennesse road. 
To deceive the enemy as to the route intended to be taken, 
the Fifth West Virginia, under command of Colonel A. A. 
Tomlinson, with Lieutenant Blazer's scouts, were sent on the 
Lewisburg road. This feint succeeded admirably in draw- 
ing off General M'Causland's Brigade in that direction. 

On the 3d, the infantry, artillery, wagon-train and ambu- 
lances moved from Fayette Court House, and marched 
seventeen miles, bivouacking on Keeton's farm. On account 
of the proximity of the enemy, no calls were sounded. The 
country through which they passed was sparsely inhabited 
by a hardy set of tall, raw-boned, Union-loving mountain- 
eers, who depended mainly on hunting for a living. Their 
log cabins, plastered with mud, were surrounded by a few 
panels of worm-fence, and a horse, a cow or two, several 
hogs and a few chickens constituted their worldly wealth. 
It would have been supposed they and their rugged moun- 
tains would have been spared the hardships of war, but the 
Confederacy never acknowledged the independence of West 
Virginia, and claimed them as her own. Wherever found 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 241 

they were conscripted into the service. Of those who went 
voluntarily, nine-tenths followed the old flag. '•'■Montain 
semper liberi," " Mountaineers always free," is the fitly-chosen 
motto of their State. The next day the Third Regiment 
took the advance, throwing out Companies A and B as skir- 
mishers. About eleven o'clock they passed through Raleigh 
Court House, and, near four in the afternoon, bivouacked on 
Peak Hill. The march was through a continuous woods, 
and over White Stake and Piney creeks, two large and deep 
streams. The next morning at five o'clock they were again 
in line, and, crossing a deep creek, they commenced the 
ascent of Great Flat-Top Mountain. These wild and rug- 
ged mountains were continually intersected by deep and 
dark ravines and gorges, winding in irregular directions far 
ofl:* on either side of the rough road the army followed. 
They were, in fact, a succession of high mountains and deep 
ravines, covered with a dense growth of scrub-oak and pine 
trees, completely shutting out the view at a short distance. 
An enemy acquainted with the country had all the advan- 
tages of attack and defence, and it afforded every induce- 
ment for an enterprising foe to annoy an army on its march. 

Some two years previous, a brigade of General Rosecrans' 
array was conducting a large wagon-train over this same 
road, and, upon arriving at one of the approaches, an insur- 
gent cavalry force suddenly emerged therefrom, and turned 
the whole train off the road up the ravine, and with their 
small force held in check those sent to recapture it. Push- 
ing the enemy slowly back, the pursuers suddenly came 
upon an insurgent battery, which the train had passed, 
posted in a narrow gorge, and, before artillery could be 
brought up to dislodge it, the battery, train and all had dis- 
appeared in the, to them, well-known windings of the 
mountains. 

General Crook, to guard against such enterprises by the 
enemy, who were known to be lurking in the mountains, 
deployed videttes to the right and left of the advance 
16 



242 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

guard, with orders to fire the distant heights. The scrub- 
oak has a large, thick leaf, that does not fall until late in 
the spring, when the new leaf starts. Thus the fire spread 
with great rapidity, and sometimes the heights for miles 
would be wrapped in the rolling flames and smoke, present- 
ing a grand and sublime sight. The General had, also, 
another object in firing the woods. When his column 
moved over the tops of lofty mountains, they could be seen 
for many miles, and he wished to conceal from the enemy 
his real strength and line of march, which the smoke eftec- 
tually did. Large fires in these mountains were not so 
uncommon as to awaken any suspicion as to the origin. 

The Third, having led the advance the preceding day, drop- 
ped to the rear, to work its way up to the head of the col- 
umn day by day. It, therefore, was acting as wagon-guard, 
and, by the time the long line of many miles had passed the 
firing point, the fire had swept across the line of march. 
The road was lined with the trunks of dead chestnut trees, 
which burned with great fur3^ Occasionally a flaming limb 
or top of a tree would fall across the road, terrifying the 
horses. It was by no means a pleasant duty to guard 
wagons loaded with ammunition while passing through such 
an ordeal as this. The men were all aware that there was 
great danger of an explosion taking place at any moment, 
from the sparks that might find their way among the ammu- 
nition-boxes. Soldiers, although they may be perfectly wil- 
ling to face death upon the field, have no liking whatever to 
being killed, except " according to army regulations," when 
they know that it is all right. Many trees were found felled 
across the road, that indicated the presence of the enemy 
and delayed the advance of the head of the column. The 
day was excessively warm, and the march slow and tire- 
some, and sometimes almost suffocating. Wearied and 
exhausted with struggling for nineteen hours through the 
smoke and heat, over the steep mountain-sides, marching 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 243 

twenty-two miles, the men stretched their wearied limbs 
upon the ground to sleep. 

At four A.M., on the 6th, they were again under way, 
fording the Blue Stone river, and passing through a rough, 
mountainous country. Tlie advance had a lively skirmish 
with the Sixtieth Virginia, at Princeton Court House, in 
Mercer county. Such was the celerity of our movement 
that they were taken almost by surprise. They left their 
tents standing, and dropped their tools in the trench of the 
formidable fort they were erecting, and traveled with celerity 
southward. This little affair gave new life to the men, and 
the sight of their works called forth prolonged cheers. The 
army encamped, that night, around the town. The next 
morning they left Princeton, at half-past four. Companies A 
and B, of the Third, being deployed in the advance as skir- 
mishers. Firing continued, more or less, all day, the enemy 
being driven from one ravine to another, but they fell back 
too fast to make it particularly interesting. Firing at long 
range is very uncertain and unsatisfactory in its results, and 
although the "Johnies" doubtlessly thought they were dis- 
puting the ground with us inch by inch, the boys got tired 
of the sport, and contented themselves with driving them, 
at the point of the bayonet, about a mile ofl'. This silence, 
however, was productive of happy results, as they got a few 
capital shots, and sent the recipients of their favors to the 
"happy hunting-ground." 

It was supposed the enemy would make a stand at Pocky 
Gap, and Colonel Sickel sent the Fourth Reserves to flank 
it, while the Third ate dinner. When they advanced, how- 
ever, no resistance was received, and the army passed 
through unmolested. The march, though exciting, was very 
severe, the day being warm, and they crossing Black Oak 
and East River Mountains, and fording Brush and Woolf 
creeks. The men and officers displayed great courage in 
crossing the last named stream, the water being deep and 
turbulent, it occupying five hours for the regiment to get 



244 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

over. That night they bivouacked on its banks. The next 
day the Third and Fourth were detailed as wagon guard. 
A brigade, with a battery of artillery, marched through 
Parisburg, the county seat of Giles county, to Snidow's Falls, 
and then turning to the right, moved southward; while the 
main column, passing near the town, moved directly south. 
While ascending Brushy Mountain, the train was fired upon 
by a band of guerrillas. A portion of the Third immedi- 
ately charged up the mountains, and a smart skirmish 
ensued, in which a number of insurgents were killed, 
wounded, and taken prisoners. Among the killed was Cap- 
tain William W. Harmer, a notorious bush-whacker. One 
of the prisoners informed Colonel Sickel he had "drawn a 
bead" on him, when he passed by his place of concealment, 
and would "liked to have brought him," but was afraid of 
alarming those in the rear. The Colonel was much pleased 
with the frankness of the fellow, but much more so with his 
thoughtfulness about creating an alarm. They passed 
through Poplar Hill, and bivouacked about nine o'clock near 
Shannon's bridge, after a fatiguing march of thirty miles. 

The Battle of Cloyd Mountain, May 9th, 1864. 

On the morning of the 9th, the command marched through 
the gap at Shannon's bridge that opens up to the northwest 
slope of Walker's, or Cloyd Mountain. The First Brigade 
was deployed to the right of the road that led directly over 
the mountain, and advanced up its side. The Second Bri- 
gade, Colonel Carr B. White, of the Twelfth Ohio, was sent 
to the extreme left. The Third Reserves and Eleventh West 
Virginia, under Colonel Daniel Frost, filed off" the mountain 
road to the left, marched down a densely wooded ravine for 
a half a mile, and connecting with the Second Brigade, 
climbed directly to the summit of the mountain. General 
Crook dismounted, and climbed the heights with them. 
When the summit was gained, the enemy was discovered 
posted in apparently an unapproachable position, on a bold 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 245 

ridge running along the foot of a higher mountain. His 
artillery was posted so as to command the mountain road, 
rake the narrow openings on either side, and the bridge that 
spanned the Little Walker, a deep stream that flowed at the 
mountain's base. The insurgent infantry extended on either 
side of the batteries, across the open space, until their right 
and left were lost in the woods on either side of the road. 
In this open space the enemy were strongly posted, behind 
a long breast-work of heavy logs, with an abatis in front. 

While this was transpiring, Colonel Sickel, with the Fourth 
Eeserves and Fifteenth West Virginia, was moving directly 
up the mountain road, within range of the enemy's fire. 
General Crook, from his commanding outlook, formed his 
plan of battle, and issued orders for the advance. White's 
Brigade crept secretly along the east side of the mountain, 
to operate upon the enemy's right. The First Brigade 
moved steadily forward. The Third Eeserves and Eleventh 
West Virginia rejoined the Third Brigade; and Sickel 
moved down the (first) mountain, and formed in the edge of 
the woods, immediately in the enemy's front, under a con- 
stant fire from their artillery. As soon as the Second Bri- 
gade had fairly engaged the enemy, the First and Third 
Brigades were ordered to charge. Steadily the men com- 
menced climbing the heights, grasping brush after brush 
until the summit was reached, which occupied a half hour, 
during which they were exposed to the deliberate fire of the 
enemy, which they did not return. 

Here the Third Eeserve, which was on the left of the 
Fourth, emerged from the woods to the open ground, when 
they encountered a terrible fire of grape and canister, sweep- 
ing through their ranks, instantly killing Colonel Wool- 
worth, and severely wounding Captain Lenhart, the com- 
manders of the two regiments. But onward the gallant 
men pressed, and five times their color-bearers were shot 
down. They were not yet within musket range of the 
enemy; and Colonel Sickel, seeing the deadly fire they were 



246 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

exposed to, laid down the Virginia regiments and advanced 
them on their bellies, and obliqued the Reserves to the left, 
gaining the protection of a hill on the right of the enemy's 
artillery. Plunging through the deep stream of the ravine, 
they commenced the ascent of the steep heights. ISTo braver 
men ever smiled at death than those resolute Reserves that 
climbed up Cloyd's Mountain that noon, swinging them- 
selves by the bushes from rock to rock, under a withering 
fire of musketry. Many a strong man was forced to relax 
his grasp, to be precipitated upon the rocks beneath; but, 
with iron sinews, heeding not the hail that was poured upon 
them, they steadily arose, higher and higher, until the sum- 
mit was reached, when, with a wild cheer, they rushed right 
over the breast-works. The First Brigade was also gal- 
lantly engaged, further to the right; and the Second, after 
suffering heavy loss, broke in upon the enemy's right. The 
rout of the foe, both in front and on his right, was simul- 
taneous and complete. 

The enfilading fire that was poured into the insurgents on 
the right, and the fire from the front, as they fled, panic- 
stricken and in disorder, told with effect. Immediately 
upon taking the works, the regiments were re-formed ; and 
after detailing a guard over the prisoners, they pushed on 
with vigor after the flying foe; and Colonel Oley, at the 
head of four hundred cavalry, that moved up the mountain 
road, annoyed their rear. Near Dublin, they encountered 
six hundred cavalry, whom General Morgan * had dispatched 
from Wytheville to the support of the enemy. A sharp 
engagement immediately followed, in which our advance 
drove them from their position, and pushed them through 
Dublin, which town, with its depot and immense stores, fell 
into our hands, the enemy retreating westward on Wythe- 
ville. 



* Brigadier-General John Morgan, of guerrilla notoriety, who made the celebrated 
raid into Indiana and Ohio. Was surprised and killed at Greenville, East Tennessee, 
by General Gillen, September 3d, 1804. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 247 

The battle took place about four miles northeast of Dub- 
lin, towards which place the Third, now under the command 
of Captain Robert Johnson,* advanced about half way, 
when they were ordered back by General Crook, to take 
charge of the battle-field. Here the regiment was divided 
into squads, under the command of officers, to collect the 
wounded and the arms, and bury the dead. Two hundred 
and twenty-six of the enemy were buried upon the field. 
Two hundred and seventy-eight of their wounded were found 
upon the field, and two hundred and thirty prisoners were 
taken. Among the wounded was the insurgent commander, 
General Jenkins,t who died a few days after the battle. 
Among the spoils collected by the Third was two twelve- 
pounder brass Napoleon guns, three hundred and fifty-four 
stand of small arms — all of which were sent to the division 
— and five caissons and over four hundred muskets, which 
were burnt for want of transportation. The total loss of the 
enemy was two hundred and twenty-six killed, five hundred 
and eighty-five wounded,| and three hundred and seventeen 
prisoners. One hundred and seven of our men were buried 
upon the field, and our missing and wounded amounted to 
five hundred and twenty. In the Third, Captain Jacob 
Lenhart, Jr., First Lieutenant J. B. Bartholomew, Second 
Lieutenants George B. Davis and Benjamin D. Hemmig, 
were among the wounded.§ Chaplain Pomeroy buried the 
remains of Colonel Woolworth, who fell, mortally wounded, 
at the head of his regiment, together with six soldiers of the 



* A native of Holmesburg, Pa. At the breaking out of the war he carried on the 
gas-fitting business, and was connected with a military company in Petersburg, Va. 
When the state seceded, his company was ordered out for service in the army of the 
Confederacy. Sacrificing the fruits of years of labor, at great peril of life, he escaped 
North, and, returning to his native village, was chosen First Lieutenant of the "De 
Silver Grays," Company E. 

t During Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, Brigadier-General Jenkins, with a bri- 
gade of cavalry, marched unopposed in Chambersburg, on the 17th of June, ISiS. He 
took all the horses, cattle and stores he could find, destroyed the railroad, and carried 
off into slavery some fifty negroes. He was wounded at Gettysburg. 

X Greeley's American Conflict, II Vol., page GOO. 

I For the loss of Third, see Appendix A. 



248 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

Third and Fourth, underneath a locust tree, near by the 
stream over which the regiments charged.* Owing to the 
lack of transportation, about two hundred of the most seri- 
ously wounded were left in the large brick mansion of Jamea 
Cloyd, on the battle-field. Supplies were left with them, 
and medical attendance provided for. Such of these as 
belonged to us were subsequently made prisoners and paroled 
by the enemy. At dark, the ambulances were loaded 
with the wounded; and, with the Third, and a detachment 
of the Fourth, moved towards Dublin. They reached the 
bivouac of the Fourth, now under the command of Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Thomas F. B. Tapper, about midnight, where 
they lay until morning. 

As before stated. Crook's expedition was intended to 
cooperate with Sigel's, which moved up the Shenandoah 
Valley, on the 1st of May, ten thousand strong. When 
Crook's troops entered Dublin, they found the telegraph 
operator had decamped, leaving his instruments intact. 
Men were immediately found who could operate them, and 
Crook put himself into communication with the insurgents 
at Lynchburg. Telegraphing, in the name of General Jen- 
kins, a glorious victory over the Yankees, and the death of 
Crook, the insurgents were completely deceived, and, in the 
excitement over the good news, their operator did not 
notice a strange hand that was working the instrument at 
Dublin, and from them Crook learned of the capture, in the 
valley, of his supply train that was to meet him eight miles 
north of Lynchburg, and such other information as to leave 
no doubt in his mind that General Sigel would certainly be 
defeated.* Before breaking off communication with them, 
he telegraphed that the Yankees had turned and defeated 
them, and were marching on Dublin with an overwhelming 
force, and that Averill had defeated Jones at Wytheville. 



* Colonel Woolworth's remains were subsequently brought to Philadelphia. 

* General Sigel was defeated and routed near New Market, on the 15th, by a superior 
force of the enemy under General Breckinridge. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 249 

This was done to relieve Sigel. Breckinridge, completely 
deceived by the skillful wording of the message, immediately 
detached all the troops he could spare, and dispatched them 
to repel the expected advance of General Crook. He, con- 
sequently, was not able to follow up the subsequent defeat 
of Sigel. 

General Crook at once saw the projected coijperation 
with Sigel was at an end, and had no other course left to 
pursue but to march on his base. At Dublin there was 
found stored immense quantities of bacon, corn, and shoes 
with wooden soles. The negroes, who everywhere proved 
our friends, and who were the great source of our inform- 
ation throughout the South, were allowed to take what 
they wanted of these articles, and, after loading our wagons, 
the rest, with a great amount of military equipments of 
different kinds, new army wagons and artillery carriages, 
with the warehouses and depots, were totally destroyed. 

The next morning, the 10th, General Crook was taken sick, 
and turned over the command of the army to Colonel Sickel. 
The destruction of the railroad was commenced; the boys 
piling up the ties, and placing the rails across, set fire to 
them. This warped and twisted the rails, and rendered 
them unfit for use until re-rolled. The work commenced 
at a point one mile west of Dublin, and was continued east- 
ward to New river bridge, a distance of over six miles being 
destroyed. When within a short distance of the river, the 
command moved on a cross-road through the woods, and 
along a lane towards the railroad bridge, when the enemy's 
skirmishers were met. Colonel Sickel immediately deployed 
our lines, and a sharp engagement ensued. Our artillery, 
which was not used in the battle of Cloyd Mountain, was 
now brought into play, and silenced the enemy's guns. The 
insurgents, who were under the command of General 
M'Causland,* were finally driven from their position and 



♦Thesame who captured defenseless Chambersburg, June 30th, 18G4, and burnt 
two-thirds of it, because the citizens could not instantly pay a ransom of $500,000. 



250 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

across the New river bridge. The Third Reserve and the 
Fifteenth West Virginia were now ordered forward, to drive 
the enemy's sharp-shooters from the east side of the river, 
and to fire the bridge. This immense structure was a cov- 
ered trestle-work, fully a mile and a half long, and burnt 
for a long while before it was totally destroyed. Colonel 
Sickel received a painful wound in the left leg. First Lieu- 
tenant F. E. Harrison was also wounded.* After the des- 
truction of the bridge, the command was marched to Pep- 
per's Ferry, some three miles above, and the infantry was 
crossed in flat-boats. The artillery and wagons, and the 
ambulances loaded with the wounded, were driven across 
the deep and rapid stream at a ford about a mile above. 
Several men and teams were lost in this perilous crossing. 
The army bivouacked here for the night, during which it 
rained hard, making the roads very heavy, 

*For the loss in the Third see Appendix A. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 251 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

Averill's Fight at Wytiieville — Attacking the Rear Guard — The 
Return March — Blacksburg — La Rue's Skirmish — Nineteenth 
Virginia Cavalry — Union Court House — Crossing the Green- 
brier — Hard Marches — Poor Foraging — Meadow Bluff — Suf- 
fering of the Wounded — Lewisburg — The Reserves' Three 
Years Expire — The Battalion — Its Officers — Farewell to 
Comrades — Faces Homeward — Cross the Sewell — Reach Camp 
Piatt — By Steamer to Pittsburg — By Rail to Philadelphia — 
The Band — The Welcome. 

THE same day of the fight at New river bridge, General 
Averill struck Wytheville, a town of some eighteen hun- 
dred inhabitants, where he was met by a formidable cavalry 
force, under General Morgan, who had been dispatched by 
General Jones,* from Saltville. A stubborn fight ensued, 
in which Averill held his own; but was unable to accomplish 
the object for which he was sent — the destruction of the 
salt-works near there. General Crook, the same day, 
received information of the fight, but General Averill had 
no knowledge of Crook's whereabouts. 

The next morning, for the purpose of getting well clear 
of the enemy, a portion of the command was sent in pur- 
suit of them, which overtook and attacked their rear guard 
about ten o'clock, and drove them for some distance. The 
main body was put in motion early, and marched in rain 
during the entire day, reaching Blacksburg in the afternoon. 
Companies C, H and I, of the Third, were sent on picket. 
Captain La Rue, commanding I, learning that some guer- 
rillas were in close proximity to his post, deployed his com- 
pany as skirmishers, and advanced up the mountains to drive 
them off. A smart little skirmish ensued, during which 

* General W. E. Jones was shot through the head, at Piedmont, near Staunton , 
June 5th, 1864, in an engagement with the troops under General Hunter. 



252 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

two of his men were captured. It was instantly determined 
to recover them, and, pushing onward with renewed energy 
and spirit, it was at last accomplished. Two of his men 
were slightly wounded. They killed two, and wounded 
several, and captured nine good horses, which were turned 
over to the quartermaster's department. At Blacksburg, 
comfortable quarters were found for the wounded in the 
large brick academy building. 

During the 12th, it rained hard all day, but they con- 
tinued their march, moving through Newport, over Walker 
Mountain, and across Sinking creek, through a wild and 
rugged country, to the summit of Salt Pond Mountain, 
where they bivouacked. The enemy opposed their advance 
at several points. About noon they came suddenly upon 
the encampment of the Nineteenth Virginia Cavalry ; but 
they left in such a hurry they forgot to take their baggage 
with them, which, with their camp equipage, was destroyed. 
The march was very hard and the men much fatigued. 
Owing to the impassable nature of the roads, and the worn- 
out and almost starved condition of the animals, it was 
found necessary to destroy part of the loads, and, in some 
instances, the wagons. The next day they took up their 
line of march again, the enemy still showing themselves in 
the front. About noon a smart engagement took place, in 
which we captured a train of fifteen wagons and a piece of 
artillery. This day and the preceding, they had been ford- 
ing streams that flowed into the Ohio, the Potomac and the 
James rivers. 

On the 14th, the Third acted as wagon guard, and com- 
menced moving at noon, crossing Big Stony creek, Peter's 
and Wiseman's mountains, and bivouacked about dark. The 
next day the Fourth was added to the wagon guard, and 
marching early, they passed through Salt Sulphur and near 
Sweet Sulphur Springs, and reached Union, the county seat 
of Monroe county, about two o'clock in the afternoon, and 
bivouacked beyond the town. On the 16th, they left camp at 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 263 

seven o'clock, and marching thirteen miles, bivouacked near 
Anderson's Ferry, on the Greenbrier river, where they lay 
until the morning of the 18th. The stream was very tur- 
bulent and much swollen. The ambulances, wagons and 
artillery were taken across in a single flat-boat, and the 
infantry forded breast deep. The march was only four miles. 
The reason for these alternate long and short marches was, 
that the expedition was entirely destitute of provisions, and 
forced to forage on the barren and poverty-stricken country 
for subsistence for both man and beast. For this purpose 
they were forced to halt, to collect corn, and grind it at the 
mills they passed, a great part of which work was done at 
night. The poor young cattle collected in the mountains 
■furnished their rations of meat, which was eaten without 
salt. This day General Averill, with his cavalry, joined the 
main column. 

On the 19th the command marched at five o'clock, crossed 
the Little Sewell Mountain, and passed through the Blue 
Sulphur Springs, and, making fifteen miles, halted at Meadow 
Bluft",* in the southeastern extremity of Fayette county, 
after twenty days' continuous marching. The distance 
marched during this time was two hundred and fiftv-five 
miles. Half of this time some portion of the army was 
skirmishing with the enemy. Every night great precaution 
had to be taken to avoid surprise. From the long marches 
over the flinty mountains, all their shoes were worn out, and 
at least one-third of them were entirely destitute of soles. 



* After being discomforted by General Rosecrans at Carnifax Ferry, in September, 
18G1, Brigadier-General John B. t'loyd, ex-Governor of Virginia, and ex-Secretary of 
War under Buchanan; and Brigadier-General Henry A. Wise, ex-Governor of Virginia 
and victor of John Brown, hastily retreated, with loss of much of their equipage and 
baggage, to Sewell's Mountain. The two Ex's being more of politicians than soldiers, 
had at heart the good of themselves more than the Confederacy, and became envious 
of each others bright fame. Neither would acknowledge the other as his superior in 
command, and both reported direct to Richmond. Floyd encamped at Meadow Bluff 
on one side of the mountain, and Wise on the other side, calling his camp " Defiance." 
Soon after General R. E. Lee, who had been appointed to succeed General Garnett, 
who had been defeated and killed at Carrick's Ford, and had himself been repulsed by 
General Reynolds at Cheat Mountain, arrived and took the chief command. 



254 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

There they received their mail, the first since they had left 
BrownstowD. 

The suft'erings of the wounded — riding for ten consecutive 
days over horrible roads, fording deep streams that frequently 
entered the ambulance beds, and over rugged mountains — 
cannot be described. From Meadow Bluff, the wounded 
were sent to the Kanawha river, loaded on boats,, and from 
thence taken to Gallipolis, on the Ohio river. 

On the 22d, the Third marched with Colonel Sickel's 
Brigade to Millville, near Lewisburg, in Greenbrier county. 
This place was settled by old Virginia families, and was 
strongly secession in its proclivities. While here, the Third's 
and Fourth's term of service expired, and they received 
orders to return to Pennsylvania, to be mustered out. 
The recruits that had been received into the regiments 
since their organization, whose term of service had not yet 
expired, and the men who had re-enlisted as veterans, were 
formed into a battalion of five companies. Colonel Sickel 
detailed from the Third, Captain Albert P. Moulton, First 
Lieutenants John H. Crothers and Amos W. Seitzinger, 
Second Lieutenants George B, Davis and William M'Carty ; 
and from the Fourth, Captain Abel T. Sweet, First Lieuten- 
ant James W. Blundin, and Second Lieutenant W. H. Der- 
rickson, to officer them. Captains Sweet, Moulton, Seit- 
zinger, Blundin and Davis commanded the companies. 
The battalion was commanded by Captain Sweet, and Cap- 
tain Blundin acted as Adjutant and Captain Davis as Quar- 
termaster. It participated in all the engagements from 
Meadow Bluff to Staunton, and thence to Lynchburg, being 
principally employed as skirmishers. They were the first 
to break the lines of the enemy at Lynchburg, and were 
upon the point of entering the town when they were ordered 
to retire. It was, on the 4th of July following, consolidated 
with the Fifty-fourth Pennsylvania, Colonel Jacob M. Camp- 
bell. Captain Moulton, who remained with it, was subse- 
quently promoted to the colonelcy. 



THE THIRD RESERVE. 255 

Bidding farewell to their comrades and the gallant Elev- 
enth and Fifteenth West Virginia, on the 30th of May, the 
two regiments faced homeward.* Marching from Millville 
to Meadow Bluff, thence across the Big Sewell Mountains, 
eastward of New river, to Gauley's bridge and down the 
north bank of the Kanawha, they reached Camp Piatt, 
from which the expedition started on the 30th of April. On 
the 4th of June they embarked upon the steamer Jonas 
Powell and proceeded down the Kanawha to the Ohio, and 
thence to Pittsburg. At all the towns they passed, at Pitts- 
burg and thence through the length of old Pennsylvania, 
they received a welcome and hearty greeting from the 
patriotic people. The brass band of the Reserve returned 
the greeting in the same soul-stirring strains as reverberated 
amid the hills and mountains of West Virginia. 

This band has a peculiar and honorable history. Captain 
W. A. Pennypacker, of the Fourth, originated it while the 
detachment was on duty at Alexandria. The members 
were officers and privates of the two regiments. After 
leaving Washington, in all their wanderings, and bufietings, 
this musical organization was still preserved. Bands and 



* After General Crook arrived at Meadow Bluff,' he sent his wagons, under an escort 
of Averill'8 cavalry, to Gauley's bridge— his base— for supplies, and forwarded to 
Washington his official report of the expedition, and nearly five hundred prisoners. 
He then pushed over the mountains, with the whole of his command, into the Shenan- 
doah Valley, and joined General Hunter, whom Grant had sent to relieve General Bigel 
at Staunton, June 8th. Hunter, being forced to retreat from Lynchburg, marched west 
on the railroad to Salem, and thence, via New Castle Court House, to Meadow Bluff, 
where he arrived June 25th. Thence, the whole command was moved by Kan- 
awha, Ohio, Parkersburg and Grafton, to Harpers Ferry. Crook, left in command, 
pushed out to Winchester, and was overwhelmed by General Early, fighting there 
July 23d and at Martinsburg on the 2.5th. General Sheridan soon after assumed com- 
mand in the valley. At the battle of Opequan Creek, September 19th, Crook gained 
enviable distinction for his skill and bravery. He also took part in the battle of Cedar 
Creek, October 18th and 19th. He and General Kelly were taken prisoners at Cumber- 
land, Md., February 21st, 1865. Being soon after exchanged, he commanded with 
distinction a division of cavalry, under Sheridan, at the capture of Lee's army. The 
General at this time waa about forty years of age, medium height, light complex- 
ion and hair, and keen brown eyes. His countenance was of a thoughtful cast, and 
his manners reserved, but he was a sincere and warm-hearted gentleman. He was a 
graduate of West Point Military Academy, and an officer of the regular army. Since 
the war he has gained a high reputation as an Indian fighter. 



256 THE THIRD RESERVE. 

drum corps are usually in the rear when there is danger, or 
fighting to be done. In this case instruments were simply 
sent to the i^ear, and Captain Pennypacker and his fellow 
musicians were always found in their places when the enemy 
was to be met. Helping to overcome the foe, they were the 
men to sound forth the pseans of victory when the field was 
won. 

On Wednesday evening, June 8th, the detachment arrived 
at the West Philadelphia depot, where they were met by a 
large concourse of citizens. The procession being formed, 
they were escorted through the principal streets of the city 
to the American Mechanics Hall, where a sumptuous colla- 
tion was spread for the veterans and their friends. After 
partaking of the good things before them, and the inter- 
change of friendly greetings with the delegations of citizens^ 
General Sickel ordered the baggage and government prop- 
erty placed under an officer and guard within the Hall, and 
furloughed the boys until ten o'clock the next day, when 
they dispersed to their happy homes. Reassembling, they 
marched to Camp Cadwallader, near Ridge avenue and 
beyond Girard College, where they remained until the 17th, 
when the Third was mustered out of service. 

And thus closed the glorious career of the Third Reserve, 
and now, one by one, they are being laid beneath the sod, 
and soon the bodies of all will form part and parcel of the 
land they loved so well. 



SPP 



H 



1 w 



H V te- 



APPENDIX R. 



KILLED, "WOUNDED AND MISSING. 



Sergeant. 
Private... 



Ist Serg't, 
Sergeant. 

Corporal. 
^ Private.. 



1st Serg't, 
Sergeant. 
Corporal. 



Private . 



Mechanicsville. 
Wounded. 
Samuel Flamming ... 

Henry Otten 

Daniel Wissinger 

Missing. 

Harry K. HoflF. 

Adam Schank 

Gaines' Mill. 
Killed. 
Thomas P. Goheen... 
Charles Fredericks... 
Edward L. Lennon... 

Gabriel S. Brown 

Daniel S. Dickins 

Geo. P. Eushiro 

Charles Kobinson 

Jacob Mellen 

John Seidere 

John H. Killion 

Henry Harsta. 

Adam Keiser 

Jacob L. Stouffer 

C. Miltenberger 

Henry E.Phillips 

Wounded. 

Jacob V. Shilling 

Michael Walters 

George Mosser 

William K. Leaman. 

Harrison Lutz 

Irvine C. Wright 

Levi Richards 

Francis Kocker 



Private . 



Corporal. 
Private.. 



Wounded. 

Peter F. Holland 

Wm. M'Donough , 

Harrison Harbach 

Augustus Rhein 

Frederick Say lor 

Daniel Shafer 

Henry A. Harner , 

John Hauk 

James Ryan 

Henry Barr 

Peter Cunningham 

Jere. C. Hunsberger... 
Geo. A. Rawdenbush.. 

John Schiefley 

Jeremiah Boone 

James L. Hobson 

John Lynn 

William J. Nield 

Frederick B. Scott 

John Brown 

Allen Christinan 

Joseph Conner 

Daniel Filbert 

Edward Killpatrick.... 

Andrew J Adrian 

Geo. W. Reiter 

John Shively 

William G. Knight 

Joshua Nickerson 

*Henry E.Phillips 

Wounded and Missing. 

John Hetzel 

William J. Hand 

Joshua R. Thomas 



A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

E. 

E. 

E. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

T. 

K. 

K. 

B. 
B. 
B. 



Mortally. 



APPENDIX A. 



Private , 



Ist Lieut- 



Private . 



KAME. 



Wounded and Missing. 

James Fleming C. 

Matthew Mills C. 

Henry A. Lorab D. 

Geo. W. Crapp G. 

James Duddy G. 

Michael Hickey G. 

Mark M'Grath G. 

*John K. Smith G. 

Theo. C. Peters H. 

Wayne F. Weider H. 

Nathan Harkness I, 

John F. Bender K. 

Wesley Schroyer K. 

j Missing. 

Geo. C. Davenport B. 

John C.Bland C. 

Robert Kelly C. 

James M'Carn C. 

John W. Fletcher E. 

Charles W. Stout ] E. 

John Andy F. 

Joseph Bellas 1 F. 

Edward Clater \ F. 

Cyrus Reed F. 

F. 

F. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

I. 

K. 



Ist Serg't. 

Sergeant., 

u 

Corporal., 

(( 

Private.., 



Hugh Sweeny. 

Adam Weber 

James Leeson 

Milton Reed 

John Trumbower.. 
Edward C. Jacoby. 
Samuel M. Adair... 

Glendale. 
Killed. 

Joel Chester 

Francis D. Nagle.., 

John A. Price 

Jacob Thomas 

Harvey Alabach... 
Nicholas Ribble.... 

Oliver L. Bath 

Joseph Hammer.., 
William Hillborn. 

David Bechtel 

Joseph Rorke 

Cyrus Schwartz.... 



Private , 



Captain. 



2d Lieut.. 
1st Serg't. 
Sergeant . 



Corporal. 



Private , 



Killed. 
Thomas Fennemore... 

James Reading 

Wounded. 

Joseph Thomas 

H.Clay Beatty 

William Brian 

Joseph B. Roberts 

Jacob H. Unrugh 

Samuel J. Griflfee 

George Rahn 

*Isaac E. Lewis 

Amos W. Seitzinger... 

Daniel P. Burkit 

T.Watson Bewly 

William Dennison.... 

Henry Kenler 

William Stiflfenburg... 

Wm. G. Bortree 

Nicholas Dunborn.... 

Edward Machan 

Porter C. Johnson.... 

Thomas Adams 

William J. Fennell.... 

William Haines , 

Joseph London 

Joseph Stout 

David C. Epphimer... 

H. H. Hemming 

John Johnson 

S. S. Shaner 

Samuel Yonker 

William Abrams 

Elisha A. Carr 

Charles M'Devitt 

Henry Praul 

Frederick H. Wurst. 

B. Longenbucher 

B. O. Ruter 

Joseph Bradon... 

Edward Hellings 

Wm. H. Nelson 

Thomas E. Swan 



Ist Lieut.. 
|2d Lieut.. 



Wounded and Missing. 

Jacob Lehman 

Francis E. Harrison.... 



I. 
L 

H. 

I. 

K. 

C. 

G. 

C. 

G. 

H. 

A. 

C. 

C. 

K. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

D. 

D. 

E. 

E. 

E. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

H. 

H. 

I. 

I. 

I. 

K. 

A. 
G. 



* Mortally. 



APPENDIX A. 



Private . 



Ist Lieut. 
Sergeant. 
Private.. 



Wounded and Missmg. 

Levi B. Rtioads 

Hugh M'Gettigan 

Charles Weber 

Benjamin Bennet 

^William Cogswell 

Sydney Cornell 

*Thoma8 Firth 

Uriah Nunemacher.... 
Christian Stumsfelts... 
]\Iissing. 

David W. Donaghy 

John H. Crothers 

Samuel Derr 

William Degroat 

James A. Fix 

Henry C. Keehn 

Patrick Murphy 

William Warner 

C. W. Hubbard 

I. Kennedy 

Eugene B. Mitchell.... 

Richard Bambrick 

David R. Bennet 

Robert Chambers....... 

John M'Bride 

Charles H. Rich 

William W. Solly 

Richard Wright 

Peter Rusk ,. 

William Walters 

Alexander Park 

Albert Harkens 

Manuel La Rue 

Ebenezer Wilson 

John B. Beaumont...., 

Wesley Schroyer 

Thomas Wilson 



Captain.. 
Corporal. 
Private.. 



Second Bull Run. 
Killed. 

H. Clay Beatty..., , 

Charles Carley 

John Babb 

Frederick Switzer 

Henry Burkhart 

Andrew Hnff. 



Private , 



Sergeant. 



Corporal. 
Private.. 



Killed. 
A. J. Roberts... 
William Smith. 



'Wounded. 
William F. Roberts.. 
William H. Parker... 

*Isaac E. Lewis 

John Martz 

William StifFenburg.. 

Abraham Perry 

William Lamb 

Samuel M'Chalicker. 

Samuel Yonker 

John Murphy 

John A. Pearley 

Dennis Sullivan 

Alfred W. Hong 

Jeremiah Suable 

Augustus Neiflfer 

[Joseph Kerns 

Charles Carlin 

Charles M, Ryon 

Frank R. Wofter 



Corporal., 

(( 

Private... 

(( 

ti 

Sergeant. 

(< 

Corporal. 
Private.. 



Wounded and Missing. 

Charles Grovat 

George S. Silbert 

Frederick Garst 

Albert Flanagan 

Amos Eckley 

Missing. 

George Rahn 

Edward Young.. 

Richard Wilson.., 

Daniel Greaflf 

Samuel B. Frey 

William P. Holland.... 

Abraham Lewis 

William Ashton 

Samuel Bisbin 

John M'Millen 

Lewis Margerum 

William Dougherty... 

Mahlon Geathers 

James W. Clayton 

Thomas Williams 

Thomas White 



H. 
I. 

C. 

D. 

H. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G, 

H. 

H. 

H. 

I. 

I. 

I. 

I. 
I. 
A. 
C. 
E. 

G. 

K. 

G. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C. 

E. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

H. 

L 

K. 

K. 

K. 



* Mortally. 



APPENDIX A. 



Captain... 
1st Serg't. 
Sergeant., 
Corporal .. 



Private , 



Captain.. 
1st Lieut. 
Corporal. 



Private , 



Antietam. 
Killed, 
Florentine H. Staub. 

John Blaker 

Hobart Nicholson 

Jesse E. Dickens 

Richard Wilson 

William Brittain 

Henry Otten 

Frederick Hendley... 

Luther Kreuson 

James Leese 

Henry Jones 

Peter Rusk 

James Bingham 

Peter Dunbar 

Lewis Brown 

Jacob B. Crater 

Joseph Rudolph 

Wounded. 
Geo. C. Davenport... 
Fred. Gr. Nicholson... 
Benj. F. Crosedale.... 

Edward Toon 

Nathan Hauch.... 

Israel Long 

James D. Ash 

John Rork 

Joseph Bachon 

Daniel Carman 

Jacob Johnson 

John Marsh 

Henry S. Potter 

*Alfred Williams 

Obediah Achey 

Josiah Coller , 

Peter B. Keehn 

James Boulton , 

D. M.Wilson 

William Jones 

Levan Lehr 

John Silbeman 

George W. Crapp 

James Murray 

Thomas Haran..... 

Emanuel English 



D. 
E. 
B. 
B. 
G. 
K. 
A. 
D. 
E. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
G. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
K. 



B. 
B. 
C. 
G. 
H. 
H. 
A. 
A. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
D. 
D. 
D. 
E. 
E. 
F. 
F. 
F. 
G. 
G. 
G. 
H. 



Private , 



Wounded. 
John K. Yeakel... 
[John Trumbower. 
JGeorge W. Ritter. 

J. Newholt 

John Schaeffer 



1st Lieut.. 

Ist Serg't. 
u 

Corporal.. 



Private , 



1st Lieut., 

1st Serg't. 
Sergeant.. 

Corporal.. 



Fredericksburg. 
Killed. 

Jacob V. Shilling 

James Schrader 

Ephraim Case 

John G. Bland 

Henry Setler 

Lewis D. M'Farland.. 

Wm. W. Smith 

David English 

Andrew Jackson 

Alex. H. Stewart 

Arichibald S. Little... 

Robert Dillon 

Thomas Dillon. 

George W. Wiggins... 

Jacob Bechtel 

Charles E. Wright 

Jacob A. Johnson 

Jacob Smith 

Joseph L. Toy 

Henry Acker 

James Duddy 

Frank Sellers 

JohnT. Scott 

Benjamin Clark 

Henry T. Shock 

Lemuel Mitchell 



Wounded. 

Michael Watlers 

Jackson Hutchinson. 

Daniel Murphy 

John Smith 

Flarian Harbach 

William Henry 

Richard Evans 

Levi Frey 

Israel Long 

Augustus Neififer 



* Mortally. 



APPENDIX A. 



RANK. 



NAME. 



00. 



Corporal. 
Private .. 



Wounded. 



Thomas C. Leet 

John Brodhurst 

John Bedencup 

Jacob S. Kunsman 

Francis Kocher 

Peter M'Qaaid 

William Peters 

Levi B. Rhoades 

Freeling Brundage 

John Campbell 

Michael Mitchell 

William J. Fennell 

Charles Hitchcock 

James M'Carn 

Samuel Walton 

William Carlin 

William Ellis 

Emanuel Good 

Solomon S. Shaner 

Andrew M. Shepherd. 

Richard Bambrick 

Nelson Shemaley 

Charles Dewees 

Theo. Killpatrick 

John Devlin 

Henry Dager 

Christian B. Guiger 

R. J, B. Mitchell 

John Wilson 

JohnS. Small 

Milton Scheetz 

Abram Ladshaw 

Owen M. Straun 

Daniel Milloy 

Michael Uile 

George W. Reiter 

Abraham States 

Wounded and Missing. 

'William Brian 

Sergeant.. Daniel P. Burkit , 

Corporal..; Abraham B. Yocum.. 

" iRichard Evans 

" ! James Brooke 

Wm. P. Holland 

Charles Schroth 

Henry S, Smith 

Enoch Shade 



Captain. 



Private . 



I. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

c. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

E. 

E. 

E. 

F. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

H. 

K. 

C. 

D. 

G. 

K. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 



Private 



Musician 
Private... 



Corporal. 
Private... 



Musician 



Corporal. 
Private... 



Captain... 
Ist Lieut.. 
2d Lieut.. 



Wounded and Missing. 

Daniel Garman 

Richard Dickens... .., 

Adam Graham 

Abraham Lewis 

Bartlett Smith 

John Scheifley 

Heber M'Cord 

John M'Bride 

David Scott 

John P. Douth 

Henry Ecknold 

Levi Schneer 

Thomas Kochel 

John Silbeman 

John Wentzel 

Samuel Cowell 

Barnard Crilley 

Alfred Bishop 

Thomas Mitchell 

Stewart M'Donald.... 

Alexander Park 

David Piffer 

Wm. H. Walters 

Allen L. Garwood.... 

Samuel M. Adair 

Wm. M'Donald 

Geo. W. Morgan 

Valentine W. Spink. 
David Stackhouse.... 
Joseph Watson.. 

Missing. 

Harrison Lutz 

John W. Fletcher.... 
Lynford Williams. .. 

Allen Walters 

Calvin Reedy 



B. 
B. 
C. 

c. 
c. 

D. 

D. 

E. 

E. 

F, 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

F. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

G. 

I. 

K. 

K. 

K. 

K. 

K. 

K. 



Oloyd's Mountain. 
Killed. 

Israel Long 

James B. Old 

Jason B. Pidcock 



Wounded. 

Jacob Lenhart, Jr I A. 

J. B. Bartholomew H. 

George B. Davis 1 D. 



APPENDIX A. 



Wounded. 

2d Lieut.. B. D. Hemming 

Sergeant.. T. Watson Bewly 

" iJesse Keller 

Corporal.. John Martz 

" [William Carlin 

" H, H. Hemming 

Private....! Andrew Fegely 

'' Albert S. Henershotz.. 

Henry G. Milans 

John Yohu 

Charles Schaneberger. 

Joseph Hillborn 

Daniel Stevenson 

Charles H. Barber 

Levi Bernheisel... 

Uriah Nunemacker 

Washington Long 

Milton Reed 

Hugh Mackie 

S. V. Richardson 



F. 


Private.... 


C. 


u 


H. 


1 


B. 


1 


T>. 


Sergeant.. 


T) 


Private.... 


A, 


(( 


A. 


« 


A 


(( 


A. 


(1 


A. 




C. 




c. 




1). 

F 


Private.... 


F. 




H. 


Colonel.... 


H. 


1st Lieut.. 


I. 


Private.... 


T. 


" ! 



Wounded. 

James Thomas 

John Collins 

Wounded and Prisoners. 

George W. Vaux 

John H. Babb 

John O'Niel 

Jere. C. Hunsberger... 

R. J. B. MitcheU 

fWilliam H. Nelson.... 

Ne^w River Bridge 
Killed. 

Robert Caldwell 

Wounded. 

Horatio G. Sickel 

Frank E. Harrison 

George F. Reinboth.... 
Samuel H. Simm 



I. 
K. 

H. 
A. 
A, 
D. 
G. 
I. 



G. 



* Died at Washington, June 3d, 1864. 

+ Died in Anderson villa Prison, September 21st, 18G4; grave 9,434. 



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INDEX, 



Anderson, G. B., General, 91, 92. 

Anderson, Robert, Lieutenant-Col- 
onel, 160, 184. 

Alexander, Samuel, Assistant Sur- 
geon, 51. 

Amsden's Battery, 207. 

Applebach, Nelson, Lieutenant, 
26, 57. 

Applebachville Guards, 26. 

Archer, General, 208, 213, 214. 

Averill, William Woods, General, 
64, 136, 139, 231, 232, 238, 240, 
248, 251, 253. 

Ayres, Ira, Jr., Colonel, 96*. 

Alabama lOth Regiment, 107. 

Alabama 14th Regiment, 112. 



Baird, Edward C, Captain and As- 
sistant Adjutant-General, 41, 
222, 225. 

Baker, Edward D., General, 48. 

Bamford, Thomas H., Lieutenant, 
134. 

Banks, Nathaniel P., General, 72, 
80, 142, 143, 146, 147, 167, 180. 

Bardwell, George H., Major, 216*. 

Barksdale, William, General, 203, 
216. 

Barlow, Francis C, General, 187. 

Barnard, John G., General, 77*. 

Barr, Henry, 239. 

Barr, Joseph R., 52. 

Barnes, General, 192. 



Barry, W. F., General, 77*. 
Barth, Frederick R., Sergeant, 136. 
Bartholomew, J. B., Lieutenant, 

57, 134, 247. 
Bates, Samuel P., Professor, 36, 

103, 104, 107, 108. 
Battery A, 33, 42. 
" B, 33, 42, 46. 
" C, 33. 
" D, 33. 
" E, 33. 
" F, 33. 
" G, 33, 42. 
" H, 33. 
Battle of Allen's Farm, 97. 
" Antietam, 180. 
" Bull Run, First, 28. 
" Bull Run, Second, 147. 
" Chantilly, 165. 
" Cloyd Mountain, 244. 
" Drainesville, 53. 
" Fair Oaks, 77, 80. 
" Fredericksburg, 203, 205. 

Gaines' Mill, 87. 
" Glendale, 101. 
" Malvern Hill, 119. 
" Mechanicsville, 80. 
" New River Bridge, 249. 
" Princeton, 243. 
" Savage Station, 98. 
" South Mountain, 173. 
" Yorktown, 76, 
Bayard, George D., General, 42, 

47, 51, 60, 70, 72, 211. 
Beauregard, P. T. G., General, 19, 
28, 46, 63. 



INDEX. 



Beatty, Estruries, Captain, 42, 60, 
7li 110, 116. 

Beatty, H. Clay, Captain, 27, 111. 
163, 194. 

Beatty, Samuel, Lieutenant, 25, 
27, 194. 

Bender, John F., Sergeant, 136. 

Biddle, Chapman, Colonel, 196. 

Biddle, Charles J., Colonel, 41, 42, 
47, 199. 

Biddle, Henry J., Captain and As- 
sistant Adjutant-General, 20, 
105, 110. 

Bickley, Franklin S., Quarter- 
master, 26, 27, 49. 

Birchfield, John P., Assistant Sur- 
geon, 229. 

Birney, David Bell, General, 166 
210,211. 

Bishop, Clark, 239. 

Blazer, Lieutenant, 240. 

Blenker, Louis, General, 50. 

Blundin, James N., Captain, 254. 

Boger, Henry D., 67. 

Bolinger, H. C, General, 177, 225. 

Bonham, General, 51. 

Boyer, Charles, 234. 

Boyer, Levi S., Quartermaster, 229, 
239. 

Branch, L. O'B., General, 81, 188. 

Breckinridge, John C, General, 
249. 

Brian, William, Captain, 27, 111, 
132, 217, 227. 

Briner, Albert, Quartermaster-Ser- 
geant, 194, 227, 229. 

Briner, William, Major, 23, 26, 42, 
134, 144, 231, 236. 

Brooke, James, Sergeant, 227. 

Brooks, W. T. H., General, 224. 

Brothers, E. F, 239. 

Brown, John, 54*, 253*. 

Buch, Isaac G., 225. 

Buchanan, R. C, 162. 



Buchanan, Frank, Commodore, 
141. 

Buck, Isaac G. 239. 

Buckman, Aaron N., Sergeant, 230. 

Buckingham, J. M., Lieutenant, 
26, 49. 

Bucktails, 33, 41, 45, 47, 53, 54, 55, 
71,72,81,82,85,103,156,176, 
181, 189, 197, 205, 206. 

Buffington, Adjutant, 60. 

Buford, John, General, 146. 

Burnside, Ambrose E., General, 
139, 143, 175, 180, 188, 198, 
199, 204, 209, 212, 213, 216, 
217, 218, 220, 222, 224. 

Butler, Benjamin F., General. 36, 
228. 

Butterfield, Daniel, General, 169. 

C. 

Carper, Philip, 51. 
Cadwallader, Jacob A., 137. 
Caldwell, General, 187. 
Cameron, Simon, Hon., 36, 50. 
Camp Washington, Pa., 21. 
Camp Curtin, Ps., 29. 
Camp Piatt, 239. 
Camp Pierpont, Va., 45, 50, 64. 
Camp Cadwallader, 256. 
Camp Hawkhurst, Va., 65. 
Camp Tenally, 34, 42. 
Campbell, Charles T., Colonel, 42, 

47, 60. 
Campbell, Jacob Miller, Colonel, 

254. 
Carondelet, Gun-boat, 62. 
Carrier, James W., 67. 
Charley Reb., 201. 
Childs, James H., Colonel, 82, 

102. 
Christein, John H. F. A., Sergeant, 

136. 
Cincinnati Society, 36, 38. 
Clark, C. Y., Corporal, 227. 



INDEX. 



Clark, John, Lieutenant-Colonel, 

26, 52, 133, 164, 177, 181, 184, 

201. 
Clark, Robert, Corporal, 130. 
Clark, William, 239. 
Clouse, Jeremiah A., Lieutenant, 

26, 62. 
Clow, James B., Captain, 41. 42. 
Cobb, Howell, General, 124t. 
Cobb, T. R. R., General, 92. 
Cochrane, John, General, 224. 
Coleman, Thomas, 51. 
CoUis Zouaves, 210. 
Collins, James, Surgeon, 27, 122, 

128, 132, 194. 
Colquitt, General, 182. 
Colston, Henry S., Assistaiut Sur- 
geon, 133. 
Confederate Eagle, 68. 
Connally, John, Lieutenant, 26, 52. 
Connecticut 18th Regiment, 233, 

234. 
Conrad, Captain, 109. 
Comte de Paris, 46, 91. 
Cook, Captain, 175. 
Cook, P. St. George, General, 88, 90. 
Cooper's Battery, 35, 82, 85, 102, 

106, 181, 207. 
Cooper, James H,, Captain, 42, 46, 

109, 160. 
Coppee, Henry, Professor, 42. 
Cothrans, Captain, 185. 
Couch, Darius W., General, 120, 

121, 181, 192, 197,216. 
Cox, Daniel D., General, 174, 175. 
Crawford, Samuel Wylie, General, 

142, 184, 185, 227, 236. 
Crook, George, General, 236, 238, 

239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247, 

248, 249, 251. 
Cross, Augustus, Adjutant, 173. 
Crothers, John H., Lieutenant, 

194,254. 
Cummings, Robert P., Colonel, 190. 



Curtin, Andrew Gregg, War Gov- 
ernor, 20, 27, 32, 36, 55, 172, 
195, 224, 228. 

Curtis, William D., Captain, 23, 26, 
42, 43, 133. 

Cuthbertson, Captain, 108t. 

Coleman, Charles, 51. 

Cutts, Captain, 54. 

D. 

Dana, Napoleon J. T., General, 186. 
Davenport, George C, Captain, 26, 

59, 93, 134, 189, 227. 
Davis George B., Lieutenant, 92, 

190, 196, 229, 234, 247, 254. 
Davis, Jefferson, Hon., 18, 28t, 103, 

119. 
Davis, William H., Surgeon, 239. 
Day, Dr., 51. 
DeBow's Heview, 28. 
DeCaradence, T., Lieutenant, 52. 
Dehart, Captain, 82. 
Dehon, Lieutenant, 219. 
DeKorponay, Gabriel, Colonel, 20, 

25. 
Derrickson, W. H., 254. 
DeSilver Greys, 26. 
Dietrich, Captain, 102. 
District Columbia 1st Volunteers, 

225. 
Dix, John A., General, 30, 
Donaghy, David W., Lieutenant, 

27, 52, 230. 
Donnelly, Edward, Surgeon, 122, 

128. 
Doran, Duvall, Commissary Ser- 
geant, 42. 
Doubleday, Abner, General, 148, 

153, 181, 182, 183, 184, 207, 224. 
Due de Chartres, 46, 91. 
Duckworth, Samuel, 67. 
Dunn, Captain, 198. 
Dunn, Simon, Sergeant, 110. 
Duryea, Abram, General, 177. 



INDEX. 



E. 
Early, Jubal A., General, 208, 232. 
Easton, Hezekiah, Captain, 42, 82, 

83. 
Eberhart, Lieutenant, 225. 
Eckle, Sebastian, Lieutenant, 62, 

133. 
Edwards, Captain, 84. 
EUwood, J., Lieutenant, 31. 
Ent, Wellington H., Colonel, 53. 
Ewell, R. S., General, 88, 94, 121, 

142, 147, 148, 165, 182. 

P. 

Farley, W., Captain, 51. 
Farnsworth, E. J., General, 81. 
Feaster, David D., Captain, 26, 

42, 70, 71, 193. 
Ferguson, Colonel, 237*. 
Ferrero, Edward, General, 224. 
Finnie, J. 0., Captain, 21, 23. 
Fisher, Benjamin F., Captain, 26, 

35, 134, 225, 226, 227, 228. 
Floyd, John B., General, 253 •'. 
Forney, John H., General, 54, 55. 
Franklin, William Buell, General, 
50,78,100,102,117, 120, 123, 
146, 165, 168, 179, 180, 181, 
188, 197, 199, 206, 211, 212, 
220, 224. 
Frear, George H., Chaplain, 62, 

133, 194. 
Fredericks, James P., Captain, 41. 
Fremantle, Colonel, 77t. 
Fremont, John C, General, 142. 
French, William H., General, 90, 

98, 187, 216. 
Frost, Daniel, Colonel, 238, 244. 
Fuller, A. B., Rev., 205. 

G. 

Gallagher, Thomas F., Colonel, 41, 

82, 177. 
Garland, General, 54, 182. 



Garnett, General, 253*. 
Geary, John White, General, 143. 
Georgia 19th Regiment, 215. 
Georgia, 44th Regiment, 85. 
Germantown Guards, 26. 
Gibbons, John, General, 148, 210, 

213, 216. 
Gillem, Alvan C, General. 
Gilmore, Harry, Major, 233. 
Glenn, Edwin A., Lieutenant, 134, 

225. 
Gordon, George H,, General, 186. 
Gorman, Willis A., General, 186. 
Greeley, Horace, Hon., 93. 
Green, George S., General, 184, 185. 
Gregg, Maxey, General, 112, 208, 

213, 214. 
GriflBn, Charles, General, 84, 85, 

165, 167, 192. 
Griffith, Lewis, Sergeant, 227. 
Grover, Cuvier, General, 153. 
Guernsey, A. H., Doctor, 146, 151, 

167. 
Gilbert, Albert, 62. 
Georgia 2d Infantry, 188. 
" 20th « 188. 

Grant, U. S., General, 236. 



Hooker, Joseph, General, 80, 102, 
106, 114, 125*, 135, 136, 147, 
148, 165, 171, 175, 176, 177, 
181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 199, 
206, 211, 216, 224, 226. 

Hall, Chandler, Captain, 41, 42. 

Halleck, Henry W., General, 138, 
139, 218. 

Hamilton, Captain, 206, 213. 

Hamlin, Lyman W., Lieutenant, 
49. 

Hampton, Captain, 185. 

Hampton, Wade, General, 203. 

Hancock, Winfield Scott, General, 
216. 



INDEX. 



Hardie, General, 211*. 

Harkins, Hugh, Captain, 27, 229. 

Harkness, N. S., 136. 

Harmer, William N., Captain, 244. 

Harrison, Francis C, Lieutenant, 

52, 111,230,250. 
Harrison, Samuel L., 239. 
Hart, James, Major, 73. 
Hatch, John P., General, 153, 154, 

159. 
Hartranft John F., General, 188. 
HartsufF, George L., General, 

183. 
Harvey, Elisha B., Colonel, 41, 82, 

83, 103, 109. 
Hayes, Rutherford B., General, 

169, 239*. 
Hayes, George S., Colonel, 41, 82, 

105. 
Heenan, Dennis, Colonel, 216*. 
Henning, Benjamin D,, Lieuten- 
ant, 136, 229, 247. 
Henderson, R. M., Lieutenant 

Colonel, 156*. 
Henry, Patrick, 63*. 
Higgins, Jacob, Lieutenant Col- 
onel, 53. 
Hill, A. P., General, 83, 88, 97, 

103, 109, 112, 120, 146, 188, 

190, 192, 212, 214. 
Hill, D. H., General, 83, 88, 121, 

171, 174, 190, 203, 209. 
Holmes, General, 117. 
Hood, John B., General, 154, 

182. 
Hooker, Joseph, General. 
Hoover, Joseph F., 225. 
Howard, Oliver, 0., General, 185. 
Howard, Dr., 136. 
Huger, General, 80, 89, 97, 98, 103, 

120, 121. 
Hughling, Joseph, 51. 
Humphrey, Andrew Atkinson, 

General, 216. 



Hurlbert, William Henry, 78*. 
Hunt, Henry J., General, 95, 97. 
Hunter, M., 28t. 
Hunter, David, General, 255*. 
Hutchinson, Edward, 137. 
Hutchinson, Jackson, Lieutenant, 

194. 
Heintzleman, S. P. General, 50, 

64,80,97, lilt, 114, 120, 123, 

139, 147, 150, 151, 153, 156, 

158, 159, 161. 
Haupe, General, 201. 

I. 

Illinois Eighth Cavalry, 81. 
Irvin, Edwin A., Captain, 81. 



Jackson, Conrad Faeger, General, 
41, 53, 55, 82, 102, 106, 144, 
154, 199, 205, 210, 219. 

Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, Gen- 
eral, 72, 80, 84, 88, 97, 102, 
120, 121, 139, 143, 146, 147, 
148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 159, 
165, 166, 168, 172, 180, 182, 
190, 206, 209, 214, 215, 216, 
217, 218. 

James, John M., Lieutenant, 196, 
230. 

Jamieson, Albert H., Adjutant, 
26, 27, 56, 194. 

Jenkins, General, 180, 247, 248. 

Johnston, Joseph E., General, 28, 
63, 80. 

Johnson, Robert, Captain, 26, 134, 
225, 247. 

Jones, D. R., General, 182, 183, 
188. 

Jones, Harry S., Adjutant, 194, 
222. 225, 239. 

Jones, Owen, Major, 52. 

Jones, W. E., General, 182, 251. 

Jones, Zeaman, Lieutenant, 229. 



6 



INDEX. 



Judson, J. A., Captain, 154. 

K. 
Kane, Thomas Leiper, General, 53, 

54, 72. 
Kearney, Philip, General, 102, 110, 

114, 124, 148, 153, 166,211. 
Kelley, Benj. F., General, 255*. 
Kelley, William D., Hon., 36. 
Kennerheim, Captain, 102. 
Kern, Mark, Captain, 42, 52, 82, 

82, 102, 106. 
Kentucky 1st Rifles, 54, 55. 
Keyes, Erasmus D., General, 64, 

78*, 95, 120, 123, 126. 
Kimball, Captain, 23. 
King, James B., Surgeon, 41. 
King, Corporal, 110. 
King, John H., General, 72, 142, 

143, 148, 151, 153, 156, 158, 

168. 
Kingsberry, Chas., Captain, 41, 91. 
Kirby, C. W., Lieutenant, 239. 
Kirk, James Thdmpson, Colonel, 

82, 102. 
Knapp, Captain, 185. 
Kuhn, J. Hamilton, Captain, 41. 
Kupp, Morgan, 230. 



Lamborne, Charles B., Lieutenant, 

41. 

Lane, General, 208, 213, 214. 

La Rue, Samuel J., Lieutenant, 27, 
136, 194, 251. 

Lawton, General, 182, 190. 

Leak, "William H., Chaplain, 27, 
33, 62. 

Lee, Robert E., General, 80, 83, 84, 
94, 97, 103, 112, 113, 114, 115, 
121, 124, 127, 142, 144, 146, 
157, 1631, 165, 167, 168, 171, 
172, 180, 181, 190, 191, 193, 
203, 206, 212, 217, 226, 236. 



Lehman, Jacob, Lieutenant, 26,45, 

111, 132, 133. 
Lenhart, Jacob, Jr., Captain, 23, 

26, 222, 236, 238, 245, 247. 
Lennon, Edward L., Sergeant, 79. 
Leonard, Thomas, 67. 
Lincoln, Abraham, President, 17, 

18, 19, 30, 50, 63, 132, 193, 

195, 223. 
Lindsey, George H., Lieutenant, 

26, 133. 
Longstreet, James, General, 83, 

88, 97, 103, 109, 112, 114, 115, 

120, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 

152, 153, 154, 159, 167, 168, 

169, 174, 175, 178, 180, 190, 

206, 217. 
Loper, Charles H., Corporal, 136. 
Lowman, W. G., Surgeon, 41. 

M. 

Maconkey, Eldridge, Lieutenant, 

42. 
Magilton, Colonel, 82, 172. 
Magruder, J. B., 76t, 80, 89, 94*, 

97,98, 112, 114, 120, 121, 127. 
Maine 23d Regiment, 225. 
Mann, William B., Colonel, 20, 21, 

24, 41. 

Mansfield, Joseph K. F., General, 

36, 181, 184, 185. 
March, Robert G., Colonel, 20, 22, 

25, 41. 

Marsh, Surgeon, 114. 

Martin, Lieutenant-Colonel, 55. 

Martz, Adam, 52. 

Massachusetts 1st Regiment, 177. 

Massachusetts 16th Regiment, 

106, 205. 
Massachusetts 34th Regiment, 234, 
Masters, James E., Corporal, 79, 
Maxwell, H. D., Paymaster, 27. 
Maxwell, Judge, 36. 
Mayo, Colonel, 110. 



INDEX. 



Meade, George Gordon, Genernl, 

41,47,49,52,55,74,82.85,88, 
89,98, 102. 107, 109, 111, 115, 
130, 144, 147, 157, 161, 162. 
163, 172, 177, 181, 182, 183, 
184, 186, 188, 189, 196, 208, 
209, 210, 211, 212, 213. 214, 
215*, 219, 221, 222, 224, 226, 
228. 
Meade's Colored Man, 86. 
Mealey, Timothy, Captain, 23. 
Meagher, Thomas F., General, 90, 

91, 120, 122, 187. 
Mechanic Infantry, 26. 
Michigan 4th Regiment, 84, 89. 
Michigan 17th Regiment, 175. j 

Miles, Dixon S., Colonel, 179. 
Mills, Theodore P., Lieutenant, 

239. 1 

Minnigerode, Reverend Mr., 78*. 
Montgomery Guards, 27. 
Moore, Warren G., Lieutenant, 

229. 
Moore's Rebellion Record, 108. 
Moorehead, S. C, Corporal, 227. 
Morgan, John, General, 246, 251. 
Morrell, George W., General, 87, 

99, 169. 
Morris, George W., 62. 
Moseby, Colonel, 225, 227, 
Moulton, Albert P., Captain, 26, 

225, 229, 254. 
Moulton, Henry S., Lieutenant, 

134, 194, 229. 
Mulholland, A. St. Clair, Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel, 216*. 
Mull, Edward K., Lieutenant, 133. 
Mulligan, James A., General, 232. 
M'Call, George Archibald, Gen- 
eral, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 
37, 40, 42, 47, 48. 49, 52, 53, 
55, 71. 73, 83. 84, 85, 95, 98, 
99, 100. 102 103,107,108,110^ 
111,114, 115, 116,123,137. 



M'Calmont, John S., Colonel, 41, 

49, 53, 55. 
M'Candless, William, General, 81, 
82, 104, 154,159,210 218,225, 
226. 
M'Carty, William, Lieutenant, 1 34, 

227, 254. 
M'Caslin, M., Colonel, 238. 
M'Causland, General, 240, 249. 
M'Clellan, George B., General, 33, 
35, .36, 46, 48, 50, 53, 63, 64, 
75.76. 79, 80, 89, 94, 96, 111, 
113, 114, 115, 121, 123. 127, 
130 132, 138, 139, HO, 142, 
144, 168, 171, 172, 177, 179, 
189,191, 193, 196, 198. 
M'Donough, Captain, 221. 
M'Dowell, Irwin, General, 28, 50, 
64,67,68,72,78, 80, 142, 144, 
146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 
153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 
169, 171. 
M'Intire, Henry M., Lieutenant 

Colonel, 79, 110. 
M'Laughlin, J. H., Lieutenant, 

239. 
M'Law, General, 174, 179. 
M'Master, James E., 135 
M'Murtrie, Theodore, Adjutant, 

104. 
M'Neal, Hugh W., Colonel, 189. 
M'Pherson, Edward H., Captain, 

42. 
M'Lean, 160. 

M'Kean, Lieutenant-Colonel, 82. 
M'Rae, Colonel, 182. 

N. 
New Jersey 4th Regiment, 89, 91. 

" " 1st Cavalry, 73. 
Newton, John, General, 224. 
I New York, 61st Regiment, 187. 
u u 5i3t " 188. 

" «' 64th " 187. 



INDEX. 



New York 79th Eegiment, 175. 
" " 153d " 225. 

New York World, 146, 151. 
Nicholson, Gilbert F., Lieutenant, 

134, 189,225. 
Niblo, Frank M., Hospital Ser- 
geant, 42. 
North Carolina Ist Eegiment, 84. 
" " 19th " 92. 

" " 7th " 213. 

" 18th " 213. 

O. 

Ohio 12th Regiment, 244. 

" 116th " 283, 234. 

" 123d " 233, 234. 

Oley, Colonel, 246. 
Ontario Guards, 21, 27. 
Ord, E. 0. C, General, 41, 47, 53, 

54, 72, 79*, 235. 
Ord, Placides, Captain, 41. 
Orr, Samuel S., Assistant Surgeon, 
134, 229. 

P. 

Painter, W., Captain, 41. 
Pancoast, George L., Assistant 

Surgeon, 27. 
Patrick, General, 153. 
Peck, John J., General, 222. 
Pelham, Major, 207*. 
Pender, General, 208*. 
Pendelton, General, 192. 
Pennypacker, N. A., Captain, 255, 

256. 
Pennsylvania 4th Cavalry, 82, 88, 

102, no. 

Pennsylvania 6th Cavalry, 88. 

" 28th Regiment, 143. 

" 5l8t " 188. 

•' 54th " 254. 

" 8l8t " 133. 

" 114th " 210. 

" 118th "133,192. 



Pennsylvania 12l8t Infantry, 196, 

199, 224. 
Pennsylvania 142d Regiment, 196, 

225. 
Pennsylvania 167th Regiment, 

230. 
Phillips, Alfred, 46. 
Piatt, Abraham S., General, 165, 

167. 
Pickett, General, 91. 
Pierpont, Francis H., Governor, 46. 
Piper, Doctor, 187. 
Pleasanton, Alfred, General, 136, 

173, 174, 181, 188, 222, 227. 
Pollard's Lost Cause, 64, 85, 180. 
Pomeroy, John J., Chaplain, 194, 

218, 247. 
Pomeroy, John M., Paymaster, 49, 

59, 73, 136, 200. 
Pope, John, General, 138, 139, 142, 

143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 

150, 151, 152, 153, 155*, 157, 
158, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 
171. 

Porter, Fitz John, General, 50, 
77, 80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95*, 99, 
loot, 102, 115, 117, 119, 120, 
121, 123, 124, 127, 147, 150, 

151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 160, 
161, 162, 165, 168, 169, 170, 
180, 192, 198. 

Potomac Lodge, 43. 

Prevost, Colonel, 192. 

Pryor, Roger A., General, 112. 

R. 

Randall, Captain, 102, 107, 109, 

111. 
Ransom, General, 154, 161, 162, 

177, 180, 181, 183, 205, 207. 
Reed, Thomas B., Surgeon, 69. 
Reno, Jesse L., General, 146, 147, 

148, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159, 

164, 166, 174, 175, 176. 



INDEX. 



9 



Eeserve Ist Cavalry, 42, 47,49, 51. 

" Ist Artillery, 42, 47, 49. 

" Ist Rifles, 41. 

" 1st Infantry, 154. 

" 2d " 83,, 104, 105, 

144, 154, 156, 176, 206, 214, 

215. 
Reserve 3d Infantry, 26, 238, 243, 

244, 248, 250, 254. 

Reserve 4th Infantry, 102, 108, 
209, 214, 233, 238, 243, 244, 

245, 248, 254. 

Reserve 5th Infantry, 81, 84, 104, 

105, 106. 

Reserve 6 th Infantry, 144, 206. 

" 7th " 83, 102, 103, 

107, 214, 215, 236. 
Reserve 8th Infantry, 31, 104, 105, 

106, 147, 209, 214, 236. 
Reserve 9th Infantry, 104, 106, 206. 

" 10th " 104,106,205. 
" nth " 89, 91. 
" 12th " 104, 105. 
Reynolds, John Fulton, General, 
41, 47, 49, 55, 73, 75, 78, 79, 
82, 85, 88, 91, 98, 102, 137, 
138, 144, 150, 153, 154, 156, 

158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 
196, 206, 207, 211, 224, 226. 

Rice, George J., Assistant Sur- 
geon, 134, 229. 

Richards, Washington, Captain, 
23, 26, 42, 56, 59, 60, 196, 227. 

Richardson, Israel B., General, 77, 
187, 188. 

Richmond Examiner, 86. 

Richmond Enquirer, 180*. 

Ricketts, W. Wallace, Colonel, 
41. 

Ricketts, James B., General, 143, 
148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 158, 

159, 160, 167, 181, 182, 184. 
Ringwalt, Samuel, Captain, 41, 59. 
Ripley, R. S., General, 124t, 182. 



Roberts, Joseph B., Lieutenant, 
26, 52, 59, 111, 132, 194. 

Roberts, R. Biddle, Colonel, 41, 
82, 102, 186, 228, 

Rodman, Isaac P., General, 175, 
188. 

Rogers, John, Commodore, 120. 

Rogers, R. S., Colonel, 233. 

Rohne, George M., Lieutenant, 

909 90.C, 9''q 

_..j.j, ^_.j, ^-v. 

Rosecrans, W. S., General, 241. 
Ross, Colonel, 227. 
Rosser, General, 232. 
Roster of the Third Reserve, Ap- 
pendix B. 
RuflBn, Edmund, Honorable, 135. 
Rodine, James, 62. 
Rose, James, 62. 

S. 
Salem Independents, 26. 
Scammon, Eliakim P., General, 

146, 237*. 
Scarlet, Roland G., 234. 
Schank, Adam, 234, 
Scheetz, Henry A., Lieutenant, 26, 

42, 60, 110. 
Schenck, Robert C, General, 152. 
Schooler, Miss, 201. 
Second Reading Artillery, 26. 
Secrest, Lieutenant-Colonel, 54. 
Sedgwick, John, General, 136, 

185, 186. 
Seifert, Frederick B., 46. 
Seitzenger, Amos N., Lieutenant, 

134, 229, 254. 
Setley, Daniel, Lieutenant, 229. 
Seward, William H., Honorable, 

50, 72. 
Seymour. Truman, General, 79, 85, 

95. 93. 102, 105, 106, 111, 118, 

130, 132, 133, 144, 154, 161, 

162, 163, 176, 181, 182, 183, 

184, 186, 187, 199. 



10 



INDEX. 



Sharp, A. Brady, Lieutenant, 41. 
Shelmire, John H., Colonel, 73. 
Sheridan, Philip H., General, 225*. 
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 86. 
Shields, General, 72. 
Shilling, Jacob V., Lieutenant, 

134, 194, 217. 

Sickle, Horatio Gages, General, 21, 
23, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 41, 42, 
43, 69, 77, 81, 82, 83, 89, 103, 
108, 118, 120, 122, 130, 133, 

135, 144, 147, 155, 164, 172, 
194, 199, 209, 210, 218, 222, 
224, 225, 226, 231, 236, 238, 
243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 254, 
255*. 

Sigel, Franz, General, 143, 145, 146, 
150, 152, 153, 156, 199, 236, 
248, 249. 

Simmons, Seneca G., Colonel, 37, 
41, 81,82,91, 104, 105, 111. 

Simpson, James H., Colonel, 89. 

Simpson, Captain, 205, 206, 207. 

Sinclair, William, General, 199, 
218. 

Salm Salm, Felix, Colonel Prince, 
72. 

Slough, John P., General, 225. 

Slocum, H. W., General, 89. 

Smead, Captain, 82. 

Smith, John, Captain, 73. 

Smith, H. H., Surgeon-General, 
36. 

Smith, P. I., Captain, 21, 23. 

Smith, William F., General, 40, 45, 
47, 50, 224. 

South Carolina 6th Regiment, 54, 
55. 

Spackman, Thomas C, Lieuten- 
ant, 230. 

Spear, Henry S., Lieutenant, 41. 

Stanton, David, Surgeon, 51. 

Stanton, John, Capt., 26, 136, 230. 

Stark, General, 182. 



Staub, Florentine H., Captain, 26, 

49, 134, 189, 194. 
Stetson, Andrew Jackson, Captain, 

49, 79, 134, 194. 
Stephens, Isaac J., General, 166. 
Steward, Samuel S., Lieutenant, 

41. 
Stocker, Anthony E., Surgeon, 41, 

42. 
Stone, Roy, Colonel, 81, 82, 103. 
Stone, Thomas C, 62. 
Stoneman, George, General, 126, 

211. 
Stout, Charles W., Sergeant, 227. 
Strong, H. L., 42. 
Stuart, J. E. B., General, 54, 94, 

143, 146, 173, 180, 192, 193. 
Sturges, General, 175. 
Sumner, Edwin V., General, 64, 

78*, 97, 102, 120, 123,165,168, 

181,185,186,187,188,192,199, 

203, 206, 220, 224. 
Sutton, Harry W., Captain, 194, 

229. 
Swearenger, Adjutant, 147. 
Sweet, Abel T., Captain, 254. 
Synnamon, Thomas, 239. 
Sykes, George, General, 88, 99, 

163, 169. 
Sydney, W. B., 79. 

T. 

Taggart, John H., Colonel, 41, 53, 
54, 82, 83, 85, 102, 104, 106. 

Taliaferro, General, 208, 213, 214. 

Talley, General, 210. 

Tapper, Thomas F. B., Colonel, 
108, 231, 248. 

Taylor, George W., General, 146. 

Taylor, J. H., Colonel, 54, 224. 

Taylor, Doctor, 206. 

Tatnall, Commodore, 141*. 

Thomas, Joseph, Captain, 26, 111, 
133,213. 



INDEX. 



11 



Thomas, Lorenzo, Adjutant-Gen- 
eral, 36, 208. 

Thompson, William S, Lieutenant- 
Colonel, 23, 2(\, 27, 42, 43, 45, 
69, 77, 110, 130, 133. 

Tillapaugh, James M., Captain, 41. 

Toombs, Robert, General, 188. 

Tomlinson, A, A., Colonel, 240. 

Trego, Howard, Doctor, 136. 

Trego, William, Doctor, 136. 

Tressel, Franklin, Corporal, 136. 

Trimble, J. R., General, 122*, 146. 

Trimer, Elwood, 79. 

Tripp, Henry C, Sergeant, 42. 227. 

Towers, 160. 

U. 
Uncle Ben, 61. 
Union Rifles, 26. 
United States 1st Cavalry, 88. 
" 5th » 88. 

" Battery B, 5th Ar- 

tillery, 234. 
Upjohn, Charles, 215. 
Unruh, George W., Sergeant, 136. 

V. 

Van Renssellear, Colonel, 237*. 
Verdigan, Lieutenant, 237*. 
Virginia 7th Regiment, 104. 

" 9Lh " 103. 

" 11th " 54. 

" 14th " 91. 

" 15th " 250. 

" 16th " 241. 

" 17th " 104, 129, 

178. 

" 18th Cavalry, 136. 

" 19lh " 252. 

" 47th " 110, 201. 

" 60th " 213. 

W. 
Walker, Colonel, 207. 
Walker, W. H. J., General, 172, 179. 



Warren, Fitz Henry, General, 117. 
Walters, Michael, Lieutenant, 134, 

217, 227. 
Weighter, Frank, 67. 
Walters, Miss Marietta, 60. 
Ward, General, 211. 
Washington Guards, 26. 
Washington, Mary, 73. 
Watmough, William H., Captain, 

41. 
Welch, Stanton A., Assistant Sur- 
geon, 229. 
West Virginia 5th Regiment, 240, 

245. 
West Virginia 11th Regiment, 238, 

244. 
West Virginia 15th Regiment, 238, 

245, 255. 
White, Carr B., Colonel, 244. 
Whiting, George C, 42. 
Whitings, General, 121. 
Whittee, Peter W., 52, 
Wilcox, O. B., General, 113, 175. 
Williams, General, 184, 185, 192, 
Winder, C. S., General, 143. 
Wise, Henry A., General, 114, 

237*. 
Woodward, E. M., Captain, 21, 23, 

26, 82. 

Woodward, G. A., Captain, 21, 23, 

26. 
Woolworth, Rich'd H., Colonel, 26, 

27, 209, 231, 233, 238, 245, 
247. 

Wonderly David, Captain, 27, 35, 

230. 
Worstall, George, 137. 
Woodberry, Colonel, 84. 



Yardley, Strickland, Quarter- 
master, 26, 49, 194, 229. 
Yeich, John R., 136, 234. 
Young, Mr., 25. 



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